ABSTRACT

The knowledge of metal ion speciation is essential for predicting the exact toxicities of metal ion species in the environment. Metal ions can exist in various oxidation states, each of which possesses different physical and chemical properties as well as exhibit varying toxicities. Often, toxicity data is unreliable because it is based on metal io

chapter 1|15 pages

Introduction

chapter 2|23 pages

Metal Ion Species:Sources and Distribution

chapter 4|73 pages

Sample Preparation