ABSTRACT
Introduction .................................................................................................. 329 Standards in Fingerprint Identification................................................ 329 The Laws or Premises Underlying Fingerprint Identifications .......... 330 The Basis for Absolute Identification ................................................... 331 Limitations of Traditional Points of Comparison ............................... 332
Fingerprint Individuality Models ................................................................ 333 Galton Model (1892) .................................................................................... 334
Description of the Galton Model ......................................................... 334 Discussion of the Galton Model ........................................................... 335
The Henry-Balthazard Models (1900-1943) .............................................. 337 Description of the Henry-Balthazard Models ..................................... 337
Henry Model (1900) ....................................................................... 337 Balthazard Model (1911) ................................................................ 337 Bose Model (1917) .......................................................................... 338 Wentworth and Wilder Model (1918) ........................................... 338 Cummins and Midlo Model (1943) .............................................. 338 Gupta Model (1968) ....................................................................... 339
Discussion of the Henry-Balthazard Models ....................................... 339 Roxburgh Model (1933)............................................................................... 340
Description of the Roxburgh Model .................................................... 340 Discussion of the Roxburgh Model ...................................................... 343
Amy Model (1946-1948) ............................................................................. 345 Description of the Amy Model ............................................................. 345
Variability in Minutia Type ............................................................ 345 Variation in Number and Position of Minutiae ........................... 345 Probability for a Particular Minutiae Configuration ................... 348 Chance of False Association ........................................................... 348 Final Equation for the Chance of Random Association .............. 349
Discussion of the Amy Model............................................................... 349
Trauring Model (1963)................................................................................. 352 Description of the Trauring Model ...................................................... 352 Discussion of the Trauring Model ........................................................ 353
Kingston Model (1964) ................................................................................ 354 Description of the Kingston Model...................................................... 354
Probability of the Observed Number of Minutiae....................... 354 Probability of the Observed Positioning of Minutiae .................. 355 Probability of the Observed Minutiae Types ................................ 355 Overall Probability of a Given Configuration............................... 356 Chances of False Association.......................................................... 356
Discussion of the Kingston Model ....................................................... 357 Osterburg Model (1977-1980) .................................................................... 362
Description of the Osterburg Model .................................................... 362 Discussion of the Osterburg Model...................................................... 364
Stoney and Thornton Model (1985-1989) ................................................. 367 Model Features Proposed by Stoney and Thornton ........................... 367
Ridge Structure and Description of Minutia Location................ 367 Description of Minutia Distribution............................................. 367 Orientation of Minutiae ................................................................. 368 Variation in Minutia Type .............................................................. 368 Variation among Prints from the Same Source ............................ 368 Number of Positionings and Comparisons................................... 369
Description of the Stoney and Thornton Model................................. 369 Minutia Description and Survey.................................................... 369 Statistical Analysis and Findings .................................................... 370
Discussion of the Stoney and Thornton Model .................................. 372 Champod and Margot Model (1995-1996)................................................ 373
Description of the Champod and Margot Model ............................... 373 Experimental Design....................................................................... 373 Statistical Analysis and Findings .................................................... 375 Conclusion....................................................................................... 376
Discussion of the Champod and Margot Model................................. 377 Meagher, Budowle, and Ziesig Model (1999) ............................................. 378
Description of the Meagher, Budowle, and Ziesig Model .................. 378 The First Experiment, Based on Inter-comparing Records of Rolled Fingerprints..................................................................... 378 The Second Experiment, Based on Comparing Subsets of the Records with the Same Complete Records ........................ 379
Discussion of the Meagher, Budowle, and Ziesig Model .................... 380 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 383 References ...................................................................................................... 384
This chapter examines the underlying statistical basis for fingerprint comparisons and reviews the efforts that have been made to measure friction ridge variability as it relates to forensic comparison and identification of fingerprints.
