ABSTRACT
Fluoride (F−) is a halogen ion that occurs in many potable and wastewaters. It may also occur in soils, sediments, hazardous waste, aerosol, and gas. While a low concentration of uoride (below 1 ppm at controlled level in drinking water) is bene cial for reducing dental caries, a higher content is harmful. Fluoride in water may be determined by one of the following methods:
Methods 1 and 2 are colorimetric techniques based on the reaction between uoride and a dye. Methods 3 and 4 are discussed in Chapters 9 and 11, respectively.
