ABSTRACT
The medications available in the market can be classified under two categories, over the counter (OTC) drugs and prescription medications. OTC drugs are relatively safe and none of these drugs are subjected to therapeutic drug monitoring except in patients with suspected overdose. However, an estimated 36 million Americans use OTC analgesic daily and there are numerous reports of drug
1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Characteristics of the Drugs That Require Monitoring ............................................................2 1.3 Drugs That Require Therapeutic Drug Monitoring .................................................................3 1.4 Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ............................................6 1.5 Genetic Variations in Drug Metabolism and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ...........................9 1.6 Gender Differences in Drug Response ................................................................................... 10 1.7 Abnormal Drug Disposition in Diseases: Need for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ............... 11
1.7.1 Renal Impairment and Drug Clearance ...................................................................... 12 1.7.2 Hepatic Dysfunction and Drug Disposition ................................................................ 13 1.7.3 Altered Drug Disposition in Cardiovascular Disease................................................. 14 1.7.4 Altered Drug Disposition in Thyroid Dysfunction ..................................................... 14 1.7.5 Altered Drug Disposition in Pregnancy ..................................................................... 15
1.8 Altered Drug Disposition in Neonates, Children and Elderly ................................................ 16 1.9 Effect of Smoking on Drug Disposition ................................................................................. 17 1.10 Alcohol Consumption and Drug Disposition ......................................................................... 18 1.11 Drug-Food and Drug-Herb Interactions: Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ................. 18 1.12 Methods for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ............................................................................20 1.13 History of Chromatographic Techniques ..............................................................................20 1.14 Various Types of Chromatographic Techniques ..................................................................... 21
1.14.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)/Paper Chromatography .................................... 21 1.14.2 Gas-Chromatography (GC) ........................................................................................22 1.14.3 High-pressure or High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC or LC) ..........23
