ABSTRACT

The discovery of the X-ray sky during the 1960s-1980s opened a fundamental eld of research in astrophysics, recognized by the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics to Riccardo Giacconi, a pioneer. The increasing power of space observatories has revealed highenergy emission from objects of all scales in the universe, from compact sources

9.1 New Needs for Detection Systems in X-and Gamma-Ray Astronomy ....... 193 9.1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 193 9.1.2 Heritage of INTEGRAL .................................................................... 195 9.1.3 New Era of Direct Imaging in Hard X-Rays .................................... 196

9.2 Caliste Camera: Innovative Technology for Elementary Detection Units ... 199 9.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 199 9.2.2 Camera Description ..........................................................................200