ABSTRACT
Abstract .................................................................................................................. 162 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 163 6.2 Rapeseed (Canola) Oil .................................................................................. 163
6.2.1 Agronomy ......................................................................................... 165 6.2.1.1 Rapeseed Types, Growing Period, and Nutrition .............. 165 6.2.1.2 Breeding and Genetically Engineered Varieties ................ 166
6.2.2 Rapeseed Oil Extraction and Refining Process ................................ 166 6.2.2.1 Oil Extraction ..................................................................... 166 6.2.2.2 Oil Processing: Refining .................................................... 167
6.2.3 The Rapeseed Oil Industry ............................................................... 167 6.2.3.1 Rapeseed and Rapeseed Oil Production and Trends ......... 167 6.2.3.2 Rapeseed Oil Uses ............................................................. 169
6.3 Rapeseed Oil Characteristics ........................................................................ 172 6.3.1 Physical Characteristics .................................................................... 172 6.3.2 Chemical Characteristics .................................................................. 172
6.3.2.1 Fatty Acids ......................................................................... 173 6.3.2.2 Triacylglycerols .................................................................. 176 6.3.2.3 Other Chemical Compounds ............................................. 176
6.4 Quality and Quality Improvement of Rapeseed Oil ..................................... 177 6.4.1 Efforts to Create New Rapeseed Varieties ....................................... 177
6.4.1.1 Fatty Acids ......................................................................... 177 6.4.1.2 Oil Content ......................................................................... 178 6.4.1.3 Protein, Meal Quality, and Disease Resistance ................. 179
6.4.2 Environmental Influences on Quality ............................................... 179 6.5 Other MUFA-Rich Vegetable Oils ............................................................... 180
6.5.1 Fruit Oils Rich in MUFA ................................................................. 180 6.5.1.1 Olive Oil ............................................................................. 180 6.5.1.2 Avocado Oil ....................................................................... 181
Rapeseed (canola) and other monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich oils are viewed as good candidates to replace, at least partially, the fish oil normally included in aquaculture feeds (aquafeeds). In fact, their utilization as a dietary lipid source for aquatic animals has some advantages over other readily available terrestrial alternative oils and fats; however, this is not without difficulties. MUFA are, indeed, easily digestible and a good source of available energy, and their deposition into fish flesh is considered to be less detrimental than other fatty acid classes, from a human nutritional viewpoint. This chapter attempts to review the principal information available regarding the utilization of MUFA-rich vegetable oil (VO) in aquaculture feed. Initially the chapter focuses on the rapeseed oil (RO) industry, agronomy, quality improvement, processing, and uses, and the main chemical and physical characteristics of rapeseed oil and other MUFA-rich VO such as olive oil, peanut oil, and rice bran oil, amongst others. Following this, the potential advantages and challenges of using these alternative oils in the aquaculture feed industry are presented and discussed.
