ABSTRACT
Abstract .................................................................................................................. 373 12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 374 12.2 Starter Feeds ................................................................................................. 375 12.3 Grower Feeds ................................................................................................ 377
12.3.1 Salmonids ......................................................................................... 377 12.3.2 Coldwater Marine Carnivorous Species ........................................... 383 12.3.3 Temperate and Warm-Water Freshwater Carnivorous Species ........ 383 12.3.4 Temperate and Warm-Water Marine and Diadromous
Carnivorous Species ......................................................................... 386 12.3.5 Omnivorous and Herbivorous Species.............................................. 388 12.3.6 Crustaceans ....................................................................................... 389
12.4 Finisher Feeds ............................................................................................... 391 12.5 Challenges Associated with FO Replacement .............................................. 394 References .............................................................................................................. 396
grow-out phase. Most studies on alternative lipid use with animals in this part of the production phase show positive outcomes, in that there are few studies where all the added fish oil cannot be replaced. There are some species, however, where potential replacement levels are suggested to be more conservative, and a general substitution level in this production phase of 75% has been suggested. One of the key effects noted across the grow-out phase is that all alternatives affect the flesh fatty acid characteristics by reducing the level of n-3 LC-PUFA. This issue has provoked the concept of finisher diets, whereby a high n-3 LC-PUFA content diet is fed in order to restore the desired meat fatty acid profiles. Studies examining this concept have found that the tissue triacylglycerol fatty acids were greatly modified and responded in a simple dilution process to the added oil fatty acid composition, whereas the fatty acids of tissue phospholipids were less influenced by dietary fatty acid makeup.
