ABSTRACT
Institute of Ocular Pharmacology and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
• Isolated Rabbit Eye • Method • Examples
• Isolated Chicken Eye • Method • Examples
• Isolated Corneal Preparations • Eytex Method • Opacity of Isolated Cornea • Corneal Cup Method • Cornea Fluorescent Probe Method
• Isolated Lens Preparation • MRS and MRI • Fluorescence Spectroscopy • Scanning Lens Monitor • Lens Metabolism and Enzyme Activities • Calcium Accumulation • Special Ca2+,K+ Channels • Distribution of Cholesterol, Phospholipid, and Protein
• Isolated Retina Preparations • Example
• Alternatives To Eye Tissues • Chicken Egg Test • Vaginal Mucous Membrane • Ileum Contractility
• Cell Cultures • Cytotoxicity Tests • Conjunctiva Cell Culture • Corneal Cell Culture • Lens Cell Cultures • Fibroblast Cultures • Peritoneal Cell Cultures
• HeLa Cell Cultures • Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cell Culture • RBC Hemolysis • Cell Viability Assayed in Terms of Type I Collagen Gel Configuration Toxicity Prediction References
Although in vivo modified Draize eye irritation test is still the official model for eye irritation and toxicology studies (Wilcox, 1992; Chu and Toft, 1993; Booman et al., 1988), it has major problems, including (a) the lack of objective and accurate quantitation for the grading system and (b) opposition by animal welfare groups and many other individuals, primarily because of the pain involved (Green, 1998). To solve these problems, numerous, new sophisticated methods have been developed to accurately measure the changes that occur by instillation of test materials onto the eyes or the responses induced by systemic chemicals.
