Ionization of Solute Molecules at the Liquid Water Surface, Interfaces, and Self-Assembled Systems

Liquid interfaces are of fundamental and practical importance in science and technology (Birdi, 1997,1999;Jungwirthet al.,2006).Understandingthemolecularbehaviorattheinterfaceinvolves thefundamentalsciencesofmolecularinteractionandassistswiththeresolutionofavarietyof problemsrelatedtochemistry,physics,andlifeandenvironmentalsciences.Amongliquidinterfaces, the air-water interface (water surface) is the most universal and may be the most important.