ABSTRACT
Ecological modeling may be used for the extrapolation of measured data from known scenarios to other (new) scenarios. This is usually done to reduce experimental effort, to predict outcomes of untested situations, and to check (by comparing model output with real data) to which extent ecological complexity has been understood. However, ecological models can also be valuable in ecotoxicology, for example, to optimize experimental design or to focus further research efforts on processes yet not sufciently well understood. The use of population and ecosystem
9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 119 9.2 Overview of Modeling Approaches .............................................................. 120
9.2.1 Population Models ............................................................................ 121 9.2.1.1 Unstructured Models ......................................................... 121 9.2.1.2 Demographic or Matrix Models ........................................ 121 9.2.1.3 Individual-Based Models ................................................... 122 9.2.1.4 Metapopulation Models ..................................................... 122 9.2.1.5 Spatially Explicit Models ................................................... 123
9.2.2 Community, Food Web, or Ecosystem Models ................................ 123 9.2.3 Empirical Models or “Data-Mining Models” ...................................124
