ABSTRACT
Non-food and non-ber grasses, including ornamental grasses and turfgrasses, are important to humanbeings(BeardandGreen,1994).Thesegrassescamefromtheiroriginsbynaturalspreading orarticialcollectionsandrequirerelativelylessnutrientinputincomparisonwithotheragriculturalcropswithfocusesonyield.Turfgrasshasbeenwellacceptedbyhumanbeingssincethe1300s oranearliertime(Beard,2002).Today,homelawnsshowtheclosestrelationshipbetweenhuman life and grasses-hundred millions of home lawns surrounding their homes on this earth. Most ofthesemanagedturfgrassareasexperienceanunfavorablestresssuchasdrought,lowfertility, poorsoilconditions,temperatureextremes,salinity,shade,lowsoilpH,trafccompaction,weed, disease,insectandmitepests,andothersatleastoncepergrowingseason(Liuet al.,2008b).Some mayhavetoovercomemultiplestressesatatimeandsomemayhavetofacepermanentstresses year-round, particularly associated with lower mowing heights and intensive turf use. Intensive studiesrelatedtoturfgrasses,particularlyinthepast50years,havefocusedonthementioned stressesforenhancedturfgrassmanagement,turfgrassimprovement,integratedpestmanagement (IPM),andenvironmentalstewardship,withwhichndingshavebeenappliedandadaptedinturfgrass management.
