ABSTRACT
A substantial portion of the cost of excavations, especially in urban environments is related to the protection and/or repair of adjacent structures and utilities that may be damaged as a result of excavation-induced ground movements. The choice of a particular method of underground construction is often based, at least in part, on the potential ground movements associated with that scheme and the anticipated behaviour of nearby structures in response to those ground movements. So from the point of view of engineering design, planning and consultation purposes, the assessment of the degree of risk of damage, in terms of estimation of the magnitude and distribution of the excavationinduced ground movements, is highly important.
