l

Notes: Biologists have included a number of distinct biological processes within the general framework of Lamarckism; all depend upon the assumption that characters acquired by adult organisms can somehow be transmitted to their offspring and, ultimately, can

be incorporated into their species’ genetic makeup (Bowler, 1992, 188). syn. autogenesis, Lamarckian evolution, the theory of soft inheritance (Mayr 1982, 359) cf. Lysenkoism; Michurinism; 1system: inheritance-ofacquired-characteristics system Comments: “Relatively few of Lamarck’s ideas were entirely new.” The “popularity of Lamarckian ideas eventually became an impediment” that “helped to delay for some 75 yr after 1859 the general acceptance of the Darwinian explanatory model and of hard inheritance” (Mayr 1982, 360). Lamarckism was popular with many biologists and was a major rival of Darwinism before the rise of genetics (Bowler, 1992, 188). “The orthodox view today is that this theory is completely wrong” being incompatible with the central dogma of genetics (Dawkins 1982, 289). [after Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck, 1744-1829, French biologist] ♦ lambda link See link: lambda link. ♦ land-bridge hypothesis See hypothesis: landbridge hypothesis. ♦ Landau index n. A measurement of the strength of a dominance hierarchy (Landau 1965 in Wilson 1975, 294). ♦ landmark n. A natural object used by an animal that employs topographical orientation, e.g., a solitary tree, or group of trees used by Western Honey Bees or a corner gas station used by a person (Heymer 1977, 109). ♦ landmark-based mental map See cognitive map. ♦ landmark learning See learning: landmark learning. ♦ land mine n. An explosive mine that a person usually places just below soil surface (Morris 1982). Comment: Land mines are common in many countries including Afghanistan, Cambodia, China, Croatia, Kashmir, Libya, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam (Mydans 2001). These mines have killed thousands of mammals including Bubalus bubalis (Water Buffalo), Camelus sp. (camels), some gazelle and goat spp., Humans, Moschus spp. (musk deer), Panthera tigris (Tigers), Pseudois sp. (blue sheep) and other sheep spp., some ursid spp. (bears), and Uncia uncia (Snow Leopards). ♦ language n.