ABSTRACT
Health effects have been associated with a variety of aerosol components commonly encountered in the environments of people. The body of published data on the characterization (sources, composition, environmental transformations, and fate) of health-relevant aerosols is extensive as is the literature related to aerosol-speci†c health effects. Therefore, this chapter will discuss only selected, broad categories of health-relevant aerosols: aerosols derived from combustion processes and aerosols composed of biological materials that are encountered in ambient and/or indoor environments
23.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 565 23.2 Characteristics of Outdoor (Ambient) and Indoor Aerosol Sources of Importance to
Human Health .......................................................................................................................566 23.2.1 Outdoor Aerosol .......................................................................................................566 23.2.2 Indoor Aerosol .......................................................................................................... 569
23.3 Deposition and Clearance of Aerosols from the Human Respiratory Tract ......................... 571 23.3.1 Deposition and Retention .......................................................................................... 571 23.3.2 Clearance .................................................................................................................. 576
23.4 Mechanisms of Toxicity of Aerosol Components ................................................................. 578 23.4.1 Particle Aerosol Induction of Oxidative Damage ..................................................... 579 23.4.2 Particle Aerosol Induction of Inªammation ............................................................. 581
23.5 Human Health Effects Associated with Ambient PM .......................................................... 585 23.5.1 General Introduction ................................................................................................. 585 23.5.2 Sources of PM Aerosol and Human Health Effects ................................................. 587 23.5.3 Health Effects Associated with Chronic Exposure to PM ....................................... 593
23.5.3.1 Effects of Exposure to Ambient PM and Birth Outcomes ........................ 593 23.5.3.2 Increased Mortality Related to Long-Term Exposure to PM Aerosol ....... 596 23.5.3.3 Atopic Allergy and Asthma .......................................................................600 23.5.3.4 Cancer ........................................................................................................603
