ABSTRACT
Buoyancy-induced convection is the heat-removal strategy preferred by many thermal engineering designers when small power consumption, negligible operating noise, and high reliability of the system are main concerns. However, the inherently poor energy efficiency of natural convection, in comparison with equivalent or similar forced convection cases, and the intrinsic low thermal conductivity of conventional coolants such as water, ethylene glycol, and mineral oils, limit the amount of heat that can be dissipated via buoyancy-driven cooling.
