ABSTRACT
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 132 Genetic Predisposition to Obesity, Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome .......... 133
Monogenic and Polygenic Forms of Obesity and Diabetes .............................. 134 Approaches to Identify Genetic Determinants of Disease ................................ 134 Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 ............................................................................ 135 Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene ............................................................ 135 Calpain 10 ......................................................................................................... 136 Proinammatory Cytokines .............................................................................. 136 Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 .......................................... 136 Adiponectin ....................................................................................................... 137 Complement Component 3 ............................................................................... 137 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ ................................................. 137
Genetic Determinants of Diabesity: Concluding Thoughts ................................... 138 Dietary Environment: Potential Role of Different Nutrients ................................. 138
Dietary Fatty Acids ........................................................................................... 139 Dietary Carbohydrate ........................................................................................ 139 Dietary Protein .................................................................................................. 140 Other Dietary Components ............................................................................... 140
Perspectives for Future Dietary Intervention Success ........................................... 140 Personalized Nutrition Based on Gene-Diet Interactions in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ............................................. 141
Nutrigenetics: Gene-Diet Interactions .............................................................. 142 Nutrigenetic Evidence from Studies Investigating Dietary Fat-Gene Interactions ........................................................................................................ 142 Inammatory Genotypes and Interactions with Diet in Obesity and Insulin Resistance .......................................................................................................... 143
IL-6, TNF-α, and LTA .................................................................................. 143 STAT3 ........................................................................................................... 143 Complement C3 ............................................................................................ 143 Adiponectin .................................................................................................. 144
TCF7L2 ........................................................................................................ 145 FTO .............................................................................................................. 145
Future Perspectives: Challenges and Opportunities ............................................... 145 References .............................................................................................................. 146
The increasing incidence of obesity is the single most important determinant of the global pandemic of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the combination of which is often referred to as diabesity. Nutrition and physical activity are key environmental factors, which potentially interact with genetic predisposition to promote the progression and pathogenesis of these combined environmental and polygenic, diet-related diseases. Excessive caloric intake and sedentary lifestyle promote the obese phenotype. More than half of adults in Europe and the United States are overweight or obese, leading to MetS, which in turn greatly enhances subsequent risk of T2DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1].
