ABSTRACT
Until the 1970s, the central challenge in orthopedic surgery was the development of “bioinert” permanent implants that can functionally replace a damaged bone tissue and provide a safe and durable mechanical load transfer between bone and orthopedic graft; the loosening of this mechanical interlock was, in fact, a major cause of implant failure and was often related to inadequate interface interactions based on a nonphysiological implant material behavior (Sakka and Coulthard 2011). The use of morphological Œxation methods such as press-Œtting, bone cementation, and mechanical interlocking by using screw-shaped and rough endo-osseous implants was commonly employed to increase the implant stability (DiMaio 2002; Holt et al. 2011; Javed et al. 2011; Varini et al. 2008).
