ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major health problem worldwide and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries, particularly in the United States (Roger et al. 2011). According to the statistical report from the American Heart Association, more than one-third of American adults (∼82 million) have one or more types of CVD, including high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke (Roger et al. 2011). Given the high prevalence of CVD, it is important to have effective ways to prevent and treat CVD.