ABSTRACT
This entry reviews the historical developments associated with performance measurement and closely related practices from the late 1800s through the rise of Planning, Programming, and Budgeting Systems in the mid-1960s. These developments reflect three cycles of development, the origins in the Progressive, change, and maturation during the period dominated by the International City Managers’ Association, and focus on finance and productivity with integration into more complex budgeting practices following the first Hoover Commission.
