ABSTRACT
The challenge of solving multiple scattering problems has a history of over a century, with much of the earliest efforts being addressed to stellar atmospheres and related problems. Schuster’s (1905) work on the transmission of radiation through foggy atmospheres is probably the earliest treatment of a multiple scattering problem and is the birth of two-stream methods. Schwartzchild (1906) and Eddington (1916) investigated the aspects of radiation flows in stars. Later work by Ambartzumian made further progress on astrophysical questions. Many of these, and other early papers, translated into English where necessary, were collected by Menzel (1966).
