ABSTRACT
Energy is one of the most important topics in the twenty-›rst century. Traditional energyproducedfromthecombustionoffossilfuelshasgeneratedahugeadverse effectontheworldeconomicactivityandecology.Asaresult,weareobservinga rapidincreaseinthesustainableandrenewableenergyproductionfromthewind, water,andsun,aswellasthedevelopmentofelectricandhybridelectricvehicles with low CO2 emissions. Because the wind, water, and sun cannot be constantly availablenorhavestableoutputsondemand,electrochemicalenergystoragesystems arebecomingcrucial.Tomeetthehigh-energyrequirementsoffutureapplications fromportableelectronicstoelectricvehiclesandlargeindustrialequipments,the performanceofthecurrentelectrochemicalenergystoragesystemsneedstobesubstantially improved by developing new electrode materials.1
