ABSTRACT
In the twenty-›rst century, mankind is facing two serious challenges of energy and environment.Theformerdetermineswhetherwecansurvive,whilethelatteris closelyrelatedtothequalityofoursurvival.Ononehand,theenergyconsumption hasincreasedabout50%alongwiththeascendingpopulationandgrossdomestic product(GDP)duringthepast20 years.Theprimarysourcefortheenergyconsumption is fossil fuels (including petroleum, coal, and natural gas). On the other hand,
13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................391 13.2Mechanism of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production..................................394 13.3 Development of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production ...............................394 13.4Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production .................................................... 395
13.4.1Typical Elemental Makeup of Photocatalysts ..............................395 13.4.2 Requirements for Photocatalysts in Hydrogen Production ..........396 13.4.3Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) ..............................................................399 13.4.4Perovskites ...................................................................................403 13.4.5Titanates .......................................................................................405 13.4.6Tantalates .....................................................................................406 13.4.7Niobates .......................................................................................407 13.4.8 (Oxy)nitrides ................................................................................407 13.4.9Metal Sul›des ..............................................................................408 13.4.10Graphene ......................................................................................409 13.4.11Graphitic Carbon Nitride .............................................................410 13.4.12 Z-Scheme Photocatalyst Systems ................................................410 13.4.13 Polyoxometalates .........................................................................412 13.4.14Dithiolene Complexes .................................................................. 413
13.5Photocatalytic Hydrogen Systems .............................................................. 413 13.5.1Direct Water Splitting .................................................................. 414 13.5.2Hydrogen Production from Reforming Biomass ......................... 414 13.5.3 Hydrogen Production from H2S ................................................... 414
13.6Conclusion .................................................................................................. 416 References .............................................................................................................. 417
CO2, SO2, and NO2 emission from consuming fossil fuels leads to environmental problems like global warming, acid rain, acid fog, and hazy weather. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable development of human beings, the formidable task is to identify an alternative energy system, which is clean and renewable.
