Geographical References

GENERAL: Adler & Halliday, 1986; Badger, 1999; Bauchot, 1994; Boulenger, 1893a, 1894a; Braßeler, 1989, 1991, 1994; Brazaitis & Watanabe, 1993; J.A. Burton, 1991; Coborn, 1991, 1994; Cogger & Zweifel, 1992; Delhey, 2009; Ditmars, 1931; Du, 2004; Gower et al., 2012; Greene, 1997; Hahn, 1980a (Scolecophidia); D. Hall, 2004; Heatwole, 1999 (sea snakes); Ineich, 2004 (sea snakes); Kundert, 1974, 1984; Lamar, 1997b; Marais, 1997; Mattison, 1995, 1999; Mehrtens, 1987; McDiarmid et al., 1999 (Scolecophidia, Henophidia, Acrochoridae); Moncuit & Daoues, 2002; J.B. Murphy & Schlager, 2003; Obst et al., 1984, 1988; Perrier, 1928; O’Shea, 2005 (Henophidia); Rage, 1984b (fossils); D. Schmidt, 1996a (Booidea), 1996b (Natricidae), 1998 (Boiginae), 2001; K.P. Schmidt & Inger, 1957; Sengoku, 1993a-b; B. Song & Shi, 2002; Stafford, 2000b; Terent’ev, 1961; Trutnau, 2002; Weidensaul, 1991; Welch, 1994b (Scolecophidia & Henophidia); K.L. Williams & Wallach, 1988 (genera)

VENOMOUS SNAKES: Boulenger, 1896a; J.H. Brown, 1973; Bücherel et al., 1968; Bucherel & Buckley, 1971; Calmette, 1908; David & Ineich, 1999; Golay, 1985 (elapids); Golay et al., 1993; K.A. Harding & Welch, 1980; Jaroniewski, 1992; Klemmer, 1963; R. Kraus & Werner, 1931; McDiarmid et al., 1999 (vipers); Minton et al., 1968; Noguchi, 1909; O’Shea, 2007; Phelps, 1981, 2010 (Old World vipers); Phisalix, 1922; Trutnau, 2004; Ulber, 1993-1995; Welch, 1994a

GENERAL: Bogert, 1940; Boulenger, 1910a, 1915a-d, 1920c-d; Broadley & Minshull, 1986; Brogard, 2005; Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 (venomous); Isemonger, 1983; Lacarriere & Ineich, 1992; Meirte, 1992; Spawls & Branch, 1995; Sternfeld, 1912, 1917; Welch, 1982; Wilkey, 2002a-b (venomous)

NORTH AFRICA: Andersson, 1935; Angel & Lhote, 1938; Doumergue, 1901; Grenot & Vernet, 1972; Gruber, 1992; Lambert, 1984; Le Berre, 1989; Olivier, 1899; Papenfuss, 1969; Saint-Girons, 1951; Sauer, 1989; Schleich et al., 1996; Sochurek, 1979b; Venchi & Sindaco, 2006; Vernet & Grenot, 1972

WEST AFRICA: Angel, 1933b; Cansdale, 1961; Chippaux, 1999, 2001, 2006; Chirio, 2009; Condamin, 1958; Dekeyser & Derivot, 1960 (venomous); Hughes, 1983; Joger, 1981; Papenfuss, 1969; Spawls, 1992; J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2006b; Villiers, 1950-1975

EAST AFRICA: Branch, 2005; N.G. Hedges, 1983; Howell, 1993; Lanza, 1978; Loveridge, 1929, 1957a; A. MacKay & MacKay, 1985; Spawls et al., 2002, 2006; Tornier, 1896

ALGERIA: Andersson, 1935; Angel, 1944; Boulenger, 1891h; Chananaud, 1920b; Chirio & Blanc, 1997b-d; Doumergue, 1901; Gauthier, 1967; Geniez et al., 2004 (Tindouf area); Guichenot, 1850; Hartert, 1913; Olivier, 1894; Sergent, 1919 (venomous); Strauch, 1862; Witte, 1930c

ANGOLA: Angel, 1923c; Bocage, 1895a; Bogert, 1940; Ferreira, 1898, 1903a-b, 1906; Hellmich, 1957, 1975ab; Laurent, 1950c 1954a, 1964a; Manaças, 1982; Monard, 1935, 1937; H.W. Parker, 1936d; K.P. Schmidt, 1933d; Thys van der Audenaerde, 1966

BENIN (Dahomey): Bocage, 1887b; Chirio, 2009; Hughes, 2013; Roman, 1984; Ullenbruch et al., 2010; Villiers, 1951a

BOTSWANA: Auerbach, 1985, 1987; Broadley & Blaylock, 2013; Clauss & Clauss, 2002

BURKINA FASO (Upper Volta): Chirio, 2009; Roman, 1969, 1976, 1980, 1984; J.-F. Trape, 2005

BURUNDI (German East Africa): Derleyn, 1977, 1978b; Derleyn et al., 1983; Laurent, 1956a; Rosselot, 1978; Spawls et al., 2002; Witte, 1962

CAMEROON: Angel, 1940; Böhme, 1975, 1982; Chirio & Le Breton, 2007; Eisentraut, 1973; Gauduin, 1970; Joger, 1982; D.P. Lawson, 1993; Le Breton, 1999; Mertens, 1938, 1940b; Monard, 1951; L. Muller, 1910; Ota et al., 1987; Perret, 1961; Perret & Mertens, 1957ab; Sjöstedt, 1897; Sternfeld, 1908a, 1909a, 1917; StuckiStirn, 1979

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Chirio & Ineich, 2006; Joger, 1990; Roux-Estève, 1965; Sternfeld, 1917

CHAD: Roussel & Villiers, 1965; Wake & Kluge, 1961 COMORO ISLANDS: Boulenger, 1915b; Henkel &

Schmidt, 2000; Henkel et al., 1995 CONGO (Brazzaville, People’s Republic of the Congo):

Bocage, 1887a; Bourgeois, 1964; Mocquard, 1887c, 1896b; J.B. Rasmussen, 1991; J.F. Trape, 1981, 1985; J.-F. Trape & Carme, 1982; J.-F. Trape & Roux-Estève, 1995; Villiers, 1966

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (Belgian Congo, Zaire): Bouillon, 1965; Boulenger, 1909c; Bourgeois, 1963a (Katanga); Chifundera, 1990; CurryLindahl, 1956, 1961; Laurent, 1953, 1956a, 1960; Loveridge, 1942; K.P. Schmidt, 1923; Schwetz, 1934; Thys van den Audenaerde, 1965; Witte, 1933b, 1941, 1953, 1962, 1966, 1975

DJIBOUTI: Ineich, 1999; Schätti, 1989; Sternfeld, 1908d EGYPT (Sinai): J. Anderson, 1896, 1898, 1903; Baha El

Din, 2006; T. Barbour, 1914b; Eiselt, 1962; Flower,

1933; Marx, 1956, 1968; Saleh, 1997; K.P. Schmidt & Marx, 1956; Stein & Helmy, 1994; Y. Werner, 1973, 1983; Y. Werner in Scott, 1982

EQUATORIAL GUINEA (Spanish Guinea, Río Muni, Fernando Po, Bioko, Annobón): Capoccacia, 1961b; Eisentraut, 1973; Manaças, 1982; Mertens, 1941a, 1964a

ERITREA: Boulenger, 1896f; Largen, 1997; Largen & Spawls, 2010

ETHIOPIA: Boulenger, 1891i, 1896h, 1897i, 1898j; Lanza, 1972 (Awash Natl. Pk.); Largen & Largen, 1982; Largen & Rasmussen, 1993; Largen & Spawls, 2010; Rehák, 1994; Roux, 1936 (Omo); Scortecci, 1930a-b; Sternfeld, 1908d; Zavattari, 1930a, 1933

GABON: Boulenger, 1900g; A.H.A. Duméril, 1857; Girardin, 1978; A. Günther, 1896a; Knoepffler, 1966, 1968; Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008

GAMBIA: Andersson, 1937; L.K. Barnett et al., 2001; Condamin & Villiers, 1962; Gruschwitz et al., 1991; Hakansson, 1981; Miles et al., 1978; Pauwels & Meikte, 1996

GHANA (Gold Coast): Cansdale, 1948, 1949a-b, 1954; Hughes, 1988; Hughes & Barry, 1969; Leeson, 1950; Leston, 1970; Leston & Hughes, 1968; Orton & Morrison, 1946; Raxworthy & Attuguayefio (Muni Lagoon), 2000

GUINEA (French Guinea): Bedriaga, 1882, 1892; Boulenger, 1905h; Chirio, 2013; Condamin, 1959; Ineich, 2003; Villiers, 1956a

GUINEA-BISSAU (Portuguese Guinea): Auliya et al., 2012; Bocage, 1896; Manaças, 1957, 1982; Monard, 1940; Villiers, 1948

IVORY COAST (Côte d’Ivoire): Angel et al., 1954; Barbault, 1971; Chippaux, 1980; Chippaux & Bressy, 1981; Courtois & Chippaux, 1977; Doucet, 1963; Ineich, 2003; Rodel et al., 1995, 1999; Roman, 1984; Roux-Estève, 1969a

KENYA: Battersby, 1954, 1955; Bogert, 1942b; Lötters et al., 2007 (Kakamega Forest); Loveridge, 1935, 1936c; 1942; H.W. Parker, 1932c; H.A. Skinner, 1973; Spawls, 1978; Spawls et al., 2002; Vesey-FitzGerald, 1975

LESOTHO: Bates, 1991; Bourquin, 1989; Lambiris, 1993; Mouton & Wyk, 1993

LIBERIA: T. Barbour & Loveridge, 1930; Briscoe, 1949; Ineich, 2003; Johnsen, 1962; Loveridge, 1938b, 1941a; E.H. Taylor & Weyer, 1958

LIBYA: Ibrahim, 2008 (southern); Kramer & Schnurrenberger, 1959, 1963; Le Berre, 1989; Schleich, 1984; Scortecci, 1937, 1939a; Vinciguerra, 1931; F. Werner, 1909a; Zavattari, 1922, 1929, 1930b, 1936

MADAGASCAR (Malagasy Republic): Andersson, 1911; Angel, 1931; T. Barbour, 1918; Blanc, 1972, 1986; Boettger, 1877, 1878, 1879b; Brygoo, 1983, 1987; Domergue, 1969; Glaw & Vences, 1992, 1996, 2007; Guibé, 1958; Henkel & Schmidt, 2000; Henkel et al., 1995; Jourdran, 1904; Mertens, 1933, 1972c; Mocquard, 1895a-b; 1909; Nagy et al., 2003; Raxworthy, 1990; Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 1996

MALAWI (Nyasaland): Boulenger, 1891e; De Fonseca & Jocque, 1979; Loveridge, 1953; Royle, 1989; Stevens, 1974; M. Stewart, 1968, 1969; Stewart & Wilson, 1966; Sweeney, 1961; Tonge & Morgan, 1984

MALI (French Soudan): Angel, 1922, 1933b; Papenfuss, 1969; Schätti, 1986c; Villiers, 1965c

MAURITANIA: J. Anderson, 1892 (Barbary); Angel, 1938; Angel & Lhote, 1938; Dekeyser & Villiers, 1956; Geniez et al., 2004 (Sahara); Villiers, 1950b

MASCARENE ISLANDS (Mauritius, Round): Boulenger, 1915b; Bullock, 1977, 1980 (Round Is.); Cole, 2009; Henkel & Schmidt, 2000; Owadally & Lambert, 1988; Tirvengadum & Bour, 1985; Vinson, 1949

MOROCCO (Maroc): Aellen, 1951; Boettger, 1874, 1883a; Bons, 1958, 1967, 1972, 1973; Bons & Geniez, 1996; Bons & Girot, 1962; Dollfus & Beaurieaux, 1928; Geniez et al., 1991, 2004 (Sahara); Harris et al., 2010; Hediger, 1935; Mellado & Mateo, 1992; Pasteur & Bons, 1960; Pellegrin, 1925, 1927; Saint Girons, 1956; J.R. Schouten & Thevenot, 1988; Schweiger, 1992; Stemmler, 1972a-b, d-e; Stemmler & Hotz, 1973; F. Werner, 1931; Zulueta, 1908, 1909

MOZAMBIQUE (Portuguese East Africa): Angel, 1920d; J.G. Barros & Cunha, 1935; Bocage, 1896; Broadley, 1990, 1992a; Cott, 1928, 1935; Loveridge, 1953; Manaças, 1959, 1961, 1982; W.C.H. Peters, 1882d; Thermido, 1941

NAMIBIA (South West Africa): Branch, 1994; Buys & Buys, 1983; Fischer, 1888b; M. Griffin, 2003; Lambiris, 1993; Mertens, 1937, 1955, 1971; H.W. Parker, 1936d; Sternfeld, 1910c-d; C.T. Stuart, 1980; Elzen, 1980, 1983

NIGER: Chirio, 2009; Roman, 1974a, 1976, 1984; Villiers, 1950c

NIGERIA: Akinpeln & Areo, 2007 (Osun Grove, Osogbo); Blackwell, 1967; J.A. Butler & Reid, 1986, 1990; Cansdale, 1971 (Gold Coast); Dunger, 1971-1973; Luiselli et al., 1998; Romer, 1953b (Port Harcourt)

RWANDA (German East Africa): Fischer & Hinkel, 1992; Laurent, 1956a; Spawls et al., 2002; Witte, 1962

SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE ISLANDS: Manaças, 1958; Schätti & Loumont, 1992

SENEGAL: Böhme, 1978; Joger & Lambert, 2002; Miles et al., 1978; Rochebrune, 1885; J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2000, 2004 (Sénégal Oriental)

SEYCHELLES ISLANDS: Gaymer, 1968; Gerlach, 2006; Henkel & Schmidt, 2000; Henkel et al., 1995; Honeggar, 1966; Nussbaum, 1984; H.W. Parker, 1936e; Rendahl, 1939; Vesey-FitzGerald, 1948

SIERRA LEONE: Aylmer, 1922; Menzies, 1966; Zug, 1987

SOMALIA: Calabresi, 1927; Cherchi, 1958 (venomous); Gans & Laurent, 1965; Hoevers & Johnson, 1982 (Middle Juba); Lanza, 1983a, 1990b; Mocquard, 1888; H.W. Parker, 1932b, 1949; Scortecci, 1934, 1939b; Sternfeld, 1908d

SOUTH AFRICA: Alexander, 1990 (Durban); Alexander & Marais, 2007; Bates, 1991b (Golden Highlands Natl. Pk.), 1996 (Free State); Bauer & Branch, 2001 (N Cape);

Boulenger, 1887j; Bourgeois, 1964 (Kasapa); Bourquin & Channing, 1980 (Natal Drakenberg); Bourquin & Sowler, 1980 (Vernon Crookes Nat. Res.); Bourquin et al., 1971 (Hluhluwe Game Res.); Branch, 1978-1979, 1982, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1998, 2001, 2005; Broadley, 1983; Bruton & Haacke, 1980 (Maputaland); De Waal, 1978 (Orange Free State); F.W. FitzSimons, 1912; V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1930, 1935a-b, 1938, 1956, 1962a, 1966, 1974; Gough, 1908; Haacke, 1984 (Mapelane); Haagner & Els, 1986; Hawthorne, 1998; Hewitt, 1912, 1937 (E Cape); Hewitt & Power, 1913; Jacobsen, 2005; Jacobsen & Haacke, 1980 (Transvaal); Lambiris, 1993; Marais, 1985, 1992, 2004, 2007; Patterson, 1987; Pienaar et al., 1983 (Kruger Natl. Pk.); Pringle, 1954; Reitz, 1978; W. Rose, 1929, 1950, 1955, 1962; Sternfeld, 1910c; Ulber, 1999; Visser, 1967, 1972, 1979b; Visser & Chapman, 1978

SUDAN: Angel & Lhote, 1938; Colley, 1946 (Geneina); Corkill, 1935; Le Berre, 1989; Loveridge, 1955a; Osman & El Sir, 1988

SWAZILAND: Boycott & Culverwell, 1992 TANZANIA (German East Africa): T. Barbour &

Loveridge, 1928; Broadley & Howell, 1991; Cott, 1928; Dollo, 1886; Ionides, 1950; Loveridge, 1924b, 1933, 1942, 1951a, 1955b, 1957b, 1959; Mocquard, 1888; Pakenham, 1947 (Zanzibar Is.), 1983 (Zanzibar & Pemba Is.); J.B. Rasmussen, 1981, 1982b (both Usambaras); Razzetti & Msuya, 2002 (Arusha Natl. Pk.); Rodgers & Homewood, 1982; H.A. Skinner, 1973; Spawls et al., 2002; Sternfeld, 1910c; Uthmöller, 19371938 (both Kilimanjaro), 1941a-b; Vesey-FitzGerald, 1958, 1975

TOGO: Hulselmans & Verheyen, 1970; Hulselmans et al., 1970, 1971; Matschie, 1890, 1893a-b; Roman, 1984; Segniagbeto et al., 2011; Sternfeld, 1908c, 1909b; Villiers, 1951a

TUNISIA (Tunis): Blanc, 1988; Blanc & Nouira, 1988; Bogaerts, 1998; Boulenger, 1920d; Chpakowsky & Chneour, 1954; A. Davidson, 1964; C. Domergue, 1959a-b; F. Doumergue, 1901; Mayet, 1903; Mertens, 1929b; Mosauer, 1934; Olivier, 1896a-b

UGANDA: Loveridge, 1936c, 1942; H.W. Parker, 1932c; Pitman, 1938, 1974; H.A. Skinner, 1973; Spawls et al., 2002

WESTERN SAHARA (Rio de Oro, Sahrawi Republic): Geniez et al., 2004; A.C.L.G. Günther, 1903; Monteil, 1951; Salvador & Perls, 1975

ZAMBIA (Northern Rhodesia): Angel, 1923c; Boulenger, 1907e; Broadley, 1971d; Broadley & Pitman, 1960; Broadley et al., 2003; C. Doria & Nyirenda, 1995; Johnsen, 1962; Simbotwe & Mubamba, 1993; VeseyFitzGerald, 1939, 1958; V.J. Wilson, 1965

ZIMBABWE (Southern Rhodesia): Broadley, 1959, 1988; Broadley & Blake, 1979; Broadley & Blaylock, 2013; Broadley & Cock, 1975; Lambiris, 1993

GENERAL: Arnold, 2002; Arnold & Burton, 1978; Bannikov et al., 1977; Blum, 1976; Brodmann, 1987 (vipers); Boulenger, 1913e; Böhme, 1993; Maugeri, 1990; Cihar, 1979; Corbett, 1989; David & Vogel, 2010b (vipers); De Smedt, 2001, 2006 (vipers); Diesener et al., 1986, 1992; Dottrens & Aellen, 1963; Engelmann et al., 1985; Ferri, 1994, 2002; Frommhold, 1959; Gasc et al., 1997; Gruber, 2009; G. Hecht, 1929a; Hediger, 1937; Hellmich, 1956, 1962; Honeggar, 1981; Kreiner, 2007; Kwet, 2005; Lanka & Vit, 1985; Lanza, 1973; Matz, 1983a-b; Mertens, 1964b; Mertens & Muller, 1928, 1940; Mertens & Wermuth, 1960; Mezzena & Dolce, 1977; Parent, 1983; Radovanovic, 1941; Radovanovic & Martino, 1950; Saint-Girons, 1952a (S Europe), 1978 (vipers); Sauer, 1989; Schreiber, 1875, 1912; Spellerberg, 2002 (NE Europe); Speybroeck et al., 2010; Steinheil, 1913-1914; Steinheil & Müller, 1927, 1928, 1931; Sternfeld, 1913c; Sternfeld & Steiner, 1952; Steward, 1971; Street, 1979; Trutnau, 1975; Venchi & Sindaco, 2006; Welch, 1983b

ALBANIA: Bruno, 1988a, 1989; Fejérváry, 1922; Haxhiu, 1998; Kopstein & Wettstein, 1920

ARMENIA: Bannikov et al., 1977; Chernov, 1937, 1939; Arakelyan et al., 2011; Tuniyev, 1995; Tuniyev et al., 2009 (Caucasus)

AUSTRIA: Cabela, 1982; Cabela & Tiedemann, 1985; Cabela et al., 1992 (Carinthia), 2001; Eiselt, 1961; Fabian et al., 2007; Galán-Regalado & FernándezArias, 1993; Grillitsch & Cabela, 1992; Grillitsch & Grillitsch, 1984; Grillitsch et al., 1983; Knauer, 1875; Luttenberger, 1978; Tiedemann et al., 1990; Weissmair, & Moser, 2008; F. Werner, 1897a

AZERBAIJAN: Bannikov et al., 1977; Eichwald, 1842; Sobolevsky, 1929; Tuniyev, 1995

BELGIUM: Parent, 1979, 1984; Sparreboom, 1981; Vacher & Geniez, 2010; Witte, 1948

BELARUS: Bannikov et al., 1977; Pikulik, 1996 BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA (Yugoslavia): Veith,

1991a-b BULGARIA: Beshkov, 1984; Beshkov & Beron, 1964;

Beshkov & Nanev, 2002, 2006; Buresch & Zonkow, 1934; L. Müller, 1932a, 1939; Stojanov et al., 2011; Sura, 1981b

CRETE: Sowig, 1985; Stepánek, 1934 CROATIA (Yugoslavia): Tóth et al., 2006 (Cres); Vogrin,

1997 (Lake Vrana) CYPRUS: Atatür & Göçmen, 2001 (northern); Baier

et al., 2009; Boettger, 1880b; Boulenger, 1888g; Demetropoulos & Ioannides, 2002; Schätti & Sigg, 1989

CZECH REPUBLIC: Barus & Oliva, 1992; Mikátová et al., 2001; Necas et al., 1997; Stepánek, 1949; Vozenilek, 1966

DENMARK: Hvass, 1945; Pfaff, 1950; Sarauw, 1903 ESTONIA: Bannikov et al., 1977

FINLAND: Langerwerf, 1975; Malmberg, 1872; Terhivuo, 1993

FRANCE: Angel, 1946; Bedriaga, 1883 (Corsica); Bertrand & Cochet, 1992 (Ariege); Cantuel, 1949; Castanet & Guyetant, 1989; Cheylan, 1992 (Corsica); Delaugerre & Cheylan, 1992 (Corsica); Deliry, 2002 (Rhône-Alpes); Fretey, 1975; Lataste, 1876a-b; Lescure & Massary, 2012; Lescure et al., 2010 (Seine-Saint-Denis); Matz, 1976b; Mertens, 1957b; Naulleau, 1987a; Parent, 1982; Pinston et al., 2000 (Franche-Comté); Portevin, 1942; Pottier, 2004, 2008 (Pyrenees); Renner & Vitzthum, 2007 (Lorraine); Rolliant, 1934; Saint-Girons, 1952b (vipers); Thiriet & Vacher, 2010 (Alsace); Thirion et al., 2002; Vacher & Geniez, 2010

GEORGIA: Bannikov et al., 1977; Eichwald, 1842; Muskhelishvili, 1970a-b; Tuniyev, 1995

GERMANY: Bitz & Veith, 1992 (Rhineland-Pfalz); Blauscheck, 1985, 1989; Bühler, 1981; Durigen, 1897; Feldmann, 1981; Franke, 1881; Fröhlich et al., 1987; Frommhold, 1952; R. Günther, 1996; Hölzinger & Schmid, 1987 (Baden-Württemberg); Mertens, 1947a, 1968c; Mey & Schmidt, 2002 (Thüringen); Quetz, 2003 (Stuttgart); Schiemenz & Günther, 1994

GIBRALTAR: Cortés, 1982; Mateo et al., 2003 GREECE: Bedriaga, 1881-82; Bird, 1935; Boettger,

1888a; Buchholz, 1955; Buchholz & Schultze-Westrum, 1964; Buttle, 1986, 1989, 1995, 1997; Cattaneo, 1989 (Serfos, Sifnos & Mitos), 1990; Chondropoulos, 1989; R.J. Clark, 1967b, 1989; Cyrén, 1941; Demetropoulos & Ioannides, 2002; Grillitsch & Tiedemann, 1984; Keymar, 1986; Mertens, 1961a; Ondrias, 1968; Paphiles & Valakos, 2012; Rödel, 1994; B. Schneider, 1975, 1983, 1986; Stepánaek, 1934, 1944; Trapp, 2007 (mainland); Valakos & Papapanagiotou, 1985; E. Valakos et al., 2008; S. Valakos et al., 2004; F. Werner, 1930a & 1935 (both Aegean Is.), 1935; Wettstein, 1953a-b, 1957

HUNGARY: Benke, 2000; Dely, 1978, 1981, 1987; Fejérváry-Langh, 1943; Marián, 1988; Méhely, 1991

ITALY: Abram & Menegon, 1994; Andreone & Sindaco, 1998 (Posta Valley); Barbieri et al., 1996, 2000 (Vicenza), 2004; Bernini et al., 2004 (Lombardia); Betta, 1874; Bologna et al., 2000 (Lazio); Bruno, 1970 (Sicily), 1977 (Monte della Tolfa), 1980 (Veneto), 1984, 1985 (vipers), 1988a (Cres, Krk & Ada Is.), 1988b (Sicily), 1998; Bruno & Cesare, 1991 (SE Peligna); Bruno & Magueri, 1977, 1990; Camerano, 1889 (vipers), 1891 (colubrids); Capoccacia, 1958, 1959, 1968; Corsetti & Capula, 1992 (Lepini Mts.); Corti et al., 1997 (Sicilian Is.); Gherardini, 1988; Ghidini, 1958; Kasapidis et al., 1996 (Lesbos); Lanza, 1968, 1983bc, 1987, 1996; Lapini, 1983; Lo Valvo & Longo, 2001 (Sicily); Luiselli & Rugiero, 1990 (Tolfa Mts.); Marchi, 1901; Mariani, 1988; Mazzotti & Stagni, 1993 (EmiliaRomagna); Menegon, 1996; Morisi, 1983 (Cuneo); Sindaco et al., 2006; Stemmler, 1959 (Sardinia); Tedaldi, 1998 (Emilio-Romagna); Tortonese, 1942, 1953; Tortonese & Lanza, 1968; Vandoni, 1914

LATVIA: Ananjeva et al., 2004; Bannikov et al., 1977 LITHUANIA: Ananjeva et al., 2004; Bannikov et al., 1977

LUXEMBURG: Fontaine, 1870; G. Hecht, 1930b; Sparreboom, 1981; Vacher & Geniez, 2010

MACEDONIA: Petkovski et al., 2000 MALTA: Mertens, 1921 THE NETHERLANDS: Bergmans & Zuiderwijk, 1980,

1986; Bund, 1964; Creemers & Delft, 2009; Floericke, 1920; Sparreboom, 1981; Van Kampen & Heimans, 1927

NORWAY: Ahlén et al., 1992; Dolmen, 1986; Gislén & Kauri, 1959

POLAND: Berger, 1975, 2000; Berger et al., 1969; Gillett, 1990; Glowacinski & Rafinski, 2003; Herczek & Gorczyca, 1999; Lanka & Vit, 1993; Mlynarski, 1961, 1966, 1971

PORTUGAL: Andrada, 1985; Aragón-Rebollo et al., 2006 (Iberica); Barbadillo-Escriva & Martínez de Castilla, 1987; Barbadillo-Escriva et al., 1999; BethencourtFerreira, 1892; Crespo, 1972, 1973, 1975; Crespo & Oliviera, 1989; Crespo & Sampaio, 1994; Ferreira & Seabra, 1911; Malkmus, 1979a-b, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993b-c, 1995b, 2004, 2005; Martínez-Rica, 1989; Olivier, 1896; Pleguezuelos, 1997; Salvador, 1985, 1998 (Iberica); Thermido, 1942

ROMANIA: Fuhn, 1969; Fuhn & Vancea, 1961; Vasiliu & Sova, 1968

SLOVENIA (Yugoslavia): Krofel et al., 2009; Mrsic, 1997; Tome, 2002; Vogrin, 1997

SPAIN: Alberdi et al., 1981 (Murcia); Andrada, 1980, 1985; Aragón-Rebollo et al., 2006 (Iberica); BarbadilloEscriva & Martínez de Castilla, 1987; BarbadilloEscriva et al., 1999; Busack, 1977; Buttle, 1986; Ferri, 1994; Gabaldón, 1997 (Valencia); Galán-Regalado & Fernández-Arias, 1993 (Galicia); García-París et al., 1989 (Madrid); González de la Vega, 1989 (Huelva); Lizana et al., 1995; Llorente et al., 1995 (Andorra, Catalunya); Maluquer, 1917; Martínez-Rica, 1989; Massip-Gibert, 1993 (Catalunya); Mayol-Serra, 2003 (Balears); Mertens, 1925; Monzó-Giménez, 2001, 2002 (Pinoso), 2002; F.P. Pérez, 2001 (Bizkaia); Pinta & Carretero, 2011 (Balearic Is.); Pleguezuelos, 1997; Pleguezuelos & Fericha, 2003; Salvador, 1974, 1985, 1998 (Iberica); Salvador & Pleguezuelos, 2002; SilvaRubio, 1995; Vega, 1989 (Huelva); Vives-Balmaña, 1984 (Catalunya)

SWEDEN: Curry-Lindahl, 1975; Gislén & Kauri, 1959 SWITZERLAND: Dossenbach & Ganz, 1978; Fatio, 1872;

Grossenbachner & Brand, 1973; Hofer, 1991 (Kantons Bern); Hofer et al., 2001; Hotz & Broggi, 1982; Meier & Schnieper, 1986; A. Meyer, 2001; Stemmler, 1967; Stemmler et al., 1971; Vacher & Geniez, 2010

UKRAINE (Crimea): Bannikov et al., 1977; Kurilenko & Verves, 1999; Szczerbak, 1966; Tarashchuk, 1959

UNITED KINGDOM: E.N. Arnold, 1995; E.N. Arnold & Burton, 1978; H.R. Arnold, 1973; Beebee & Griffiths, 2000; Bell, 1838; Bernhard, 1999 (Hampshire & Isle of Wight); E.A. Ellis, 1979 (Great Britain); Griffiths, 2000; Clemons, 1990; Cortes, 1982; D. Frazer, 1983, 1989; J.F.D. Frazer, 1949; Halfpenny, 1978 (Staffordshire); Hand et al., 2006 (Herefordshire); Inns,

2009; Leighton, 1901; M.A. Smith, 1954; Smout, 1995; Smout & Pritchard, 1995 (Fife); R. Taylor, 1948, 1963; Tonge, 1986; Wareham, 2008 (Dorset); Wycherley & Anstis, 2001 (Surrey)

YUGOSLAVIA (Albania, Balkans, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Vojvodina): Brelih & Dzukic, 1974; Karaman, 1939; Pozzi, 1966; Radovanovic, 1951, 1964; Rödel & Bussmann, 1992; Sklenár & Rocek, 1979; Wettstein, 1928

GENERAL: David & Vogel, 2010b (elapids & vipers); Dept. of Defense, 1991; Egan, 2007 (Arabia); Gumprecht et al., 2004 (pitvipers); Leviton et al., 1992; K.P. Schmidt, 1939b; Vogel, 2006 (venomous); Welch, 1983b

AFGHANISTAN: S.C. Anderson & Leviton, 1969; Boulenger, 1889d; Brück, 1968; R.J. Clark, 1990; R.J. Clark et al., 1969; Král, 1969; Leviton, 1959a; Leviton & Anderson, 1963, 1970a; Murray, 1892; M.A. Smith, 1940a

BAHRAIN: Gallagher, 1971; Loveridge, 1955a IRAN: S.C. Anderson, 1963; Andreas & Werner, 1917;

Blanford, 1876; Firouz, 2000, 2005; Forcart, 1950; Latifi, 1985, 2000; Latifi et al., 1991; Mertens, 1940a; Nikolsky, 1907; Nilson & Andren, 1981b; Rai, 1965 (colubrids); Schleich, 1977; K.P. Schmidt, 1955b, Tuck, 1971, 1974a-b; Volsoe, 1939; Wall, 1908i, F. Werner, 1916b (Fars)

IRAQ: Boulenger, 1920g; Corkill, 1932a-b; Khalaf, 1959; Leviton & Anderson, 1967; Mahdi & Georg, 1969; C.A. Reed & Marx, 1959

ISRAEL: Bar & Haimovitch, 2011; Barash & Hoofien, 1956, 1961; Berger-Dell’mour, 1986; Boettger, 1880b; Bouskila & Amitai, 2001; Dawydow, 1898; G. Haas, 1951, 1952b; Hoofien, 1972; Kochva, 1974, 1990; Mendelssohn, 1963, 1965; Sivan & Werner, 1992; Theodor, 1955; Tristram, 1884; Warburg, 1964; Y.L. Werner, 1965, 1995

JORDAN (Transjordan): Al-Quran, 2009; Amr & Disi, 2011; Amr & Al-Oran, 1995; Amr & Amr, 1983; Amr et al., 1994; Disi, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1990; Disi et al., 1988, 2001; El Oran et al., 1994; El Shafië, 1995; Sindaco et al., 1989; Tarawneh et al., 1999; Y. Werner, 1971

KUWAIT: Eissa & El-Assy, 1975 LEBANON: Hraoui-Bloquet, 1981; Hraoui-Bloquet et

al., 2002; Ilani, 1983a; L. Müller & Wettstein, 1933; Zinner, 1967

OMAN: Arnold, 1980b; Arnold & Gallagher, 1977; Gallagher, 1990; Gallagher & Arnold, 1988; A.S. Gardner, 1999, 2009, 2013; Wilms & Hulbert, 2000

SAUDIA ARABIA: Al-Sadoon et al., 1991; J. Anderson, 1896; Corkill & Cochrane, 1965; Cunningham, 2010; Egan, 2007; Gasperetti, 1974, 1977a, 1988; G. Haas, 1957, 1961; Schätti & Gasperetti, 1994

SYRIA: T. Barbour, 1914b; Boettger, 1880b; Disi & Böhme, 1996; Lortet, 1883; Martens, 1997; F. Werner, 1939

TURKEY (Asia Minor): Baran, 1976, 2005; Baran & Atatür, 1997; Basoglu & Baran, 1980; Bird, 1936; Bodenheimer, 1944; Budak et al., 2000 (Datca); R.J. Clark & Clark, 1973; Daszak & Cawthraw, 1991; Eiselt, 1970, 1976; Eiselt & Baran, 1970; Mertens, 1952d; Nelson & Flärdh, 1988 (vipers); Sindaco et al., 2000 (Anatolia); Van der Winden et al., 1997 (Gokan Delta)

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE): Gasperetti et al., 1964, 1967; A.S. Gardner, 2009, 2013; Jongbloed & Brown, 2000; Soorae et al., 2009

YEMEN (Aden, South Yemen, Yemen Arab Republic, Socotra): Abadi, 1998; Cherchi & Spano, 1966; Corkill & Cochrane, 1965 (Socotra); Gasperetti, 1988; Obadi, 1997; Nagy et al., 2003 (Socotra); H.W. Parker, 1941; Razzetti et al., 2011; Schätti & Desvoignes, 1999; Schätti & Gasperetti, 1994; Scortecci, 1932a; K.P. Schmidt, 1953d; Steindachner, 1903a

GENERAL: Bannikov et al., 1977; David & Vogel, 2010b (elapids & vipers); Gumprecht et al., 2004 (pitvipers); L.W. Swan, 1947; Szczerbak, 2003; Vogel, 2006 (venomous)

CHINA: Anonymous, 1977, 1979; Blanford, 1878b (SW Xinjiang); Boettger, 1888c; Boring et al., 1932 (Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi), 1932b (Fujian); Chang, 1932, 1933 (both Sichulan), 1936 (Jiangsu), 1947 (Guangxi); Chang & Fang, 1931; B. Chen, 1991 (Anhui); Deng et al., 1983 (Sichuan); Deng & Zheng, 1974 (Fujian); Fan, 1931 (Guangxi, Jiangxi); Fan, 1998 (Shanxi); Feng, 1981 (Gansu); Z.F. Gao, 1984 (Sichuan); Gee, 1930; Glass, 1946; Gressitt, 1941a (Guangdong, Hainan, Zhejiang), 1941b (Fujian, Jiangxi); Gu et al., 1982 (Zhejiang); B.-C. Hu et al., 1958, 1959 (both Zhejiang); S.-Q. Hu, 1966 (Sichuan), 1980; M.-H. Huang et al., 1990 (Zhejiang); Z.-Y. Huang, 1998; Inger et al., 1990 (Sichuan); Ji et al., 1987 (Liaoning); Jiang & Hu, 1979 (Sichuan); Kudrjavtsev & Mamet, 1989; Lazell, 1988, 2002 (Shek Kwu Chou); B.-H. Li, 1987 (Jiuhua Mt.); D.-J. Li, 1989 (Guizhou); D.J. Li et al., 1985 (Guizhan), H.-F. Li, 1986 (Tianjin); P.P. Li et al., 2010 (Tibet); Z.-C. Li, 2009 (Dinghushan, Guangdong), 2011 (Guangdong); Lui & Hu, 1962 (Kwangsi); Maslin, 1950 (Jiangsu); Matsui & Ota, 1995; Mell, 1922, 1929, 1931a-b; Okada, 1935 (Hopeh, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning); Pavloff, 1926 (Heilongjiang, Liaoning); Pope, 1929 (Fujian), 1935; Reeves, 1933 (NE China); Schammakov et al., 1993; K.P. Schmidt, 1927a-b (Hainan); Shi, 2011 (Hainan); Shuntov, 1966 (E Indian Ocean & South Sea); M. Smith, 1923a (Hainan); M.-T. Song, 1987a-b (Shaanxi); Song & Fang, 1982 (Shaanxi); Sowerby, 1930 (Liaoning), 1943 (Zhejiang); Stanley, 1915; Stejneger, 1925; Sung et al., 2002; Tchang, 1932;

Tian et al., 1986; Wall, 1903; Wen, 1983 (Guangxi); Wettstein, 1938 (Tibet); Wu et al., 1985, 2009 (Hebei); Xie et al., 1998; Xu, 2001 (Inner Mongolia); Yang & Inger, 1986; D.-T. Yang et al., 1983 (Yunnan); Yuan, 1983c (Yunnan), 1985 (both Shaanxi), 2008 (Yunnan); Y.-X. Zhang, 2009 (Guangxi); Zhao, 1990b, 1998, 2003 (Sichuan), 2006, 2008 (Heilongjiang); Zhao & Adler, 1993; Zhao & Huang, 1982 (Liaoning); Zhao & Jiang, 1979 (N Xinjiang), 1986; Zhao & Li, 1985, 1987 (both are on Mt. Namjagbarwa, Tibet); Zhao & Yang, 1997 (Hengduan Mts.); Zhao & Zhao, 1994; Zhao et al., 1986 (Sichuan, Xizang Autonomous Region), 1998, 2000; Zhong, 1983, 1985, 1990 (all Jiangxi); Zou & Chen, 1998 (Jiangsu), Zhong & Wu, 1981 (Jiangxi)

HONG KONG (China): Bogadek & Lau, 1997; Chan et al., 2006; Herklotts, 1933-1938; Karsen et al., 1986, 1998; J.D. Romer, 1959, 1961, 1965, 1970, 1972, 1974b, 1979a, 1983

JAPAN (Loo Choo Is.; Ryukyus): Fukada, 1992; Gans, 1949; Goris, 1966; Goris & Maeda, 2004; Hikida et al., 1992 (Ryukyus); Hilgendorf, 1876; Koba, 1955-1973, 1974 (venomous, Ryukyus); Maki, 1931a-b, 1933; T. Matsui, 1985; M. Mori, 1982, 1984, 1986; Nakamura & Uéno, 1963; Okada, 1938a-b; Oshima, 1920; Ota, 1986 (Ryukyus); Sengoku, 1979; Shibata, 1960, 1981; Stejneger, 1907a; Takahashi, 1922, 1930 (venomous); Takara, 1962 (Ryukyus); Toriba & Sawai, 1990; Toriba et al., 1983; Uchiyama et al., 2002; Utsonomiya et al., 1996 (Hiroshima); Wall, 1903, 1905f

KAZAKHSTAN: Ananjeva et al., 2004; Paraskev, 1956 KYRGYSTAN: Ananjeva et al., 2004; Yakovleva, 1961,

1964 MACAO: L. Barros, 1978; Easton & Leung, 1993 MONGOLIA: Ananjeva et al., 1997; Borkin et al., 1990a-

b; Emelianov, 1929 (N Mongolia); T. Mori, 1928; Obst, 1963; Strauch, 1876; Tzarewsky, 1926

NORTH KOREA (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): San & Lee, 2007; Shannon, 1956; G.D. Stewart, 1954; Szyndlar, 1984b; Szyndlar & Hung, 1987; Toriba, 1990b

RUSSIA (USSR): Alenizin, 1876; Ananjeva et al., 1998, 2004; Anufriev & Bobretsov, 1996 (NW Russia); Bannikov et al., 1977; Bassarukin, 1983; Bedriaga, 1912; Bobrov & Aleshchenko, 2001; Boettger, 1888f; 1965; Bol’shakov & Vershinin, 2005 (Urals); Borkin & Darevsky, 1987; Borkin et al., 1981, 1997 (Moldavia); Chernov, 1939; Darevsky, 1987; Dunaev & Orlova, 2003; Eichwald, 1842 (Caspio-Caucasia); Emelianov, 1929 (Far Eastern); Gardin, 1983 (Volga-Kana); Ivanter & Korosov, 2002 (Karelia); Kashchenko, 1902 (Tomsk); Kharin, 2008b (sea snakes); Klimov et al., 1999 (Lipetsk); Kudrjavstev & Mamet, 1989a, 1998 (vipers); Kuznetsov et al., 2000 (Moldavia); Mikhailovsky, 1904 (Transcapia); Nikolsky, 1905, 1913, 1916; Orlova & Semenov, 1999; Pavlov & Zamaletdinov, 2002 (Tatarstan); Pestov, 1999 (Nizhny Novgorod); Pestov et al., 2001 (Nizhny Novgorod); Rustanov & Szczerbak, 1986; Shkatulova, 1978 (Transbaikalia); Strauch, 1873;

Szczerbak, 2003; Terent’ev & Chernov, 1949; Yushkov & Voronev, 1994 (Perm)

SOUTH KOREA (Republic of Korea): Dixon, 1956; Hahn, 1960; San & Lee, 2007; Shannon, 1956; Toriba, 1990b; Webb et al., 1962

TADZHIKISTAN: Chernov, 1959; Said-Aliyev, 1979 TAIWAN (Formosa): J. Chen & Yu, 1984; Du, 2004; Fet

& Atamuradov, 1994; Hatori, 1905; Horikawa, 1941; Kuntz, 1963; T.-H. Lee, 2005; Lue, 1987, 1990; Lue et al., 1984 (Kenting), 1989, 1999; Maki, 1931a-b; Mao, 1993, Mao & Chen, 1980; Oshima, 1914, 1916b (both sea snakes); Ota, 1991; Steindachner, 1913a-b; C.-S. Wang, 1962; C.-S. Wang & Wang, 1956; Xiang, 2007 (Shei-Pa Natl. Pk.); Xiang & Li, 2009; Yu, 1996; Zhang, 1987

TURKMENISTAN: Ataev et al., 1994; Blanford, 1875; Bogdanov, 1962; Boulenger, 1891g; Fet & Atamuradov, 1994; Nikolsky, 1899b, 1908; Shammakov, 1981 (lowlands); Shammakov & Ataev, 1971; Shammakov et al., 1993; Szczerbak, 1994; Tuniyev et al., 1998, 1999

UZBEKISTAN: Ananjeva et al., 2004

GENERAL: Bain & Hurley, 2011 (Indochina); Bourret, 1935e, 1936a-b; H.W. Campbell & Christman, 1972; I. Das, 1996, 2002b, 2010, 2012; Koba, 1973; Gumprecht et al., 2004 (pitvipers); Leviton, 1963b; B.L. Lim, 1971 (venomous); K.F.L. Lim & Lee, 1989; Mahendra, 1984; Murray, 1884, 1886; Oshima, 1944; Reitinger & Lee, 1978; M.A. Smith, 1943; L.W. Swan, 1947; Vogel, 2006 (venomous); Wall, 1923c-d, 1924a-b, 1925a, 1928; Werler & Keegen, 1963

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS (India): Biswas & Sanyal, 1980; I. Das, 1994; M.A. Smith, 1941; Tikader & Das, 1985

BANGLADESH (East Bengal, East Pakistan): Ashan et al., 2009; M.A.R. Khan, 1988, 1992; Mahony et al., 2009; Montaquim et al., 1980

BHUTAN: Bauer & Günther, 1992; Biswas, 1975; I. Das & Palden, 2000; Wangyal, 2011

CAMBODIA (Indochina, Kampuchea): Bain & Hurley, 2011, Bezuijen et al., 2009 (Mekong Valley); I. Das, 2010, 2012; Grismer et al., 2008a; Saint-Girons, 1971b, 1972a; Saint-Girons & Pfeffer, 1972; B.L. Stuart et al., 2006 (E Cambodia); Tirant, 1885a, 1904

INDIA: Acharji, 1951 (Manipur), 1958 (Bihar); Acharji & Kripalani, 1951 (Assam); Acharji & Mukherjee, 1966; Aengals, 2009 (Tamil Nadu); Agarwal et al., 2010 (Arunachal Pradesh); Agrawal, 1970 (Madhya Pradesh); S. Ahmed & Dasgupta, 1991 (Bihar), 1992 (West Bengal); M.F. Ahmed et al., 2009 (Assam); Annandale, 1915, 1921 (both Chilka Lake); Behura, 1966 (Orissa); Bahuguna, 2010 (Uttarakhand); Bethencourt-Ferreria, 1897; Biswas & Sanyal, 1977 (Rajasthan), 1980 (Andaman & Nicobars Is.); Blanford, 1870; Cazaly, 1914; Constable, 1949; J.C. Daniel, 1983; J.C. Daniel & Shull, 1963 (Gujarat); I. Das,

1994 (Andaman Is.), 1996, 2002, 2003; Dasgupta & Raha, 2004 (Bihar), 2006 (Nagaland); Deoras, 1965, 1978, 1981, 1990; Dutta & Acharjyo, 1990 (Orissa); Dutta et al., 2009 (Orissa); Ewart, 1878 (venomous); Fayrer, 1872 (venomous); Ferguson, 1895 (Kerala), 1902; A.G.L. Fraser, 1936, 1937a-b; Gharpurey, 1962; A. Günther, 1864a; Hora & Jayaram, 1949; Husain & Tilak, 1995 (Uttarakhand); Hutton, 1949 (Tamil Nadu); Inglis et al., 1920 (Bengal); Jha & Thapa, 2002 (Sikkim); Jayaram, 1949, 1974; N. Khaire, 1996, 2006 (Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra), 2010; Kumar et al., 2010 (Rajasthan); Lamba, 1987 (Uttar Pradesh); Lindberg, 1932, 1939 (both Deccan); Mahajan & Agrawal, 1976 (Himachal Pradesh); Mahendra, 1984; Malhotra & Davis, 1991; Mathew, 1983; Mathew, 1992 (Meghalaya), 1995 (Meghalaya), 2007 (Mizoram); McCann, 1938; Murthy, 1972-1986, 1987 & 1988 (Orissa), 1990a-d, 1992a (Karnutalca), 1995 (Tamil Nadu), 2001 (Kerala), 2007 (marine reptiles), 2009; Murthy & Rao, 1988 (Orissa); Murthy et al., 1979 (Jammu, Kashmir), 1993; Nande & Deshmukh, 2007 (Maharashtra); Negi, 1992; Nicholson, 1874; Pradhan, 2004, 2005, 2006 (Maharashtra), 2008 (Goa); Prater, 1926; Rajendran, 1986; Roux, 1928; Sahi & Duda, 1986 (Jammu & Kashmir); Sanyal, 1993 (Andhra Pradesh, Orissa); Sanyal & Gayen, 1985 (Aranchal Pradesh); Sanyal et al., 1993 (Andhra Pradesh), 2002 (Tripura), 2006 (Sikkim); Sclater, 1891a-b; V.M. Satishkumar, 2007 (Tamil Nadu); B. Sharma, 1976a (Goa, Jammu, Kashmir), 1998; R.C. Sharma, 1974 (Rajasthan), 1976a, 1977 (Rajasthan), 1982 (Gujarat), 2000 (Gujarat), 2003, 2007; G.E. Shaw & Shebbeare, 1928-1931 (Bengal, Sikkim); G.E. Shaw et al., 1928-1931, 1938-1947, 1999; Sights, 1949 (Bengal); Singh & Pradhan, 1992 (Maharashtra); M.A. Smith, 1940d, 1941 (Andamans), 1943; Srinivasulu & Das, 2008 (Eastern Ghats); Sundersingh, 1960; Sur et al., 2007 (Madhya Pradesh); Thermido, 1941 (Goa); Theobald, 1868a, 1876; Tikader & Das, 1985 (Andaman Is.); K.K. Tiwari & Sharma, 1970 (Maharashtra), 1971; R. Vyas, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2008 (all Gujarat); Wall, 1905-1919, 1923-1925; Whitaker, 1978a, 1978b (Andamar Is.), 1982 (Tamil Nadu), 1999 (Kodagu); Whitaker & Captain, 2004; Whitaker & Whitaker, 1986

LAOS (Indochina): Bain & Hurley, 2011; I. Das, 2010, 2012; Deuve, 1961b, 1962a-c, 1970; B.L. Stuart, 1999

MALDIVE & LACCADIVE ISLANDS: Laidlaw, 1902 MYANMAR (Burma, Cocos Is.): Aye, 1990; Boulenger,

1893g; Cazaly, 1914; I. Das, 2010, 2012; Dowling & Jenner, 1988; Leviton et al., 2003 (venomous); F. Mason, 1852; Rendahl, 1937; M.A. Smith, 1940c; Theobald, 1880; Wall, 1925d, 1926b; Wall & Evans, 1900, 1901; Wogan et al., 2008

NEPAL: Fleming & Fleming, 1973; A. Günther, 1860d, 1861h (Himalayan Mts.); Kramer, 1977; Majupuria, 1981; Mrsíc, 1980; Nanhoe & Ouboter, 1987; Negi, 1992; O’Shea, 1998; Schleich & Kästle, 2002; Schleich & Maskey, 1992; S.K. Sharma et al., 2013 (venomous); Shaw & Tiwari, 2004; T.K. Shrestha, 2001; R. Shrestha

& Shah, 1984; L.W. Swan & Leviton, 1962; Wall, 1907f; Zug & Mitchell, 1995

PAKISTAN (West Pakistan, Punjab, Sindh): Akram & Qureshi, 1995; Annandale, 1906; Baig et al., 2008 (Cholistan Desert); Ingoldby & Procter, 1923; M.S. Khan, 1977, 1982a, 1983, 1985b, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 2002, 2006; M.S. Khan & Baig, 1988; Mahendra, 1984; Masroor, 2012 (N Pakistan); Mertens, 1969a: Minton, 1962, 1966; Murray, 1886; Siddiqui, 1969

SRI LANKA (Ceylon): Abercromby, 1910, 1913; I. Das & A. Silva, 2005; Deraniyagala, 1955; W. Ferguson, 1877; Fletcher, 1908; Haly, 1891; Holtzinger-Tenever, 1917; Jayawickrama, 1994; Karunarathna & Amarasinghe, 2011 (Nilgala Forest); Kelaart, 1852; Mahendra, 1984; Méhely, 1897; Nicholls, 1929a; Pyron et al., 2013; Sarasin, 1910; A. Silva, 1990a-b, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2009; N.S. Silva, 2000; P.H.D.H. Silva, 1980a-b; Somaweera, 2006; Somaweera & Somaweera, 2009 (sea snakes); E.H. Taylor, 1950b, 1953b; Wall, 1905g, 1921e, 1923h, 1924d; Willey, 1903b, 1906

THAILAND (Siam): Baiget et al., 2008 (Cholistan desert); Bussarawit et al., 1989 (sea snakes of Phuket Is.); Chanard et al., 1999; Cochran, 1930; M.J. Cox, 1991b; M.J. Cox et al., 1998, 2013; I. Das, 2010, 2012; Flower, 1899; C.B. Frith, 1977a, 1978 (Phuket Is.); Grismer et al.. 2008 (Cardamom region); A. Günther, 1860b, 1860d, 1861h; Gyldenstolpe, 1916; Jayasuriya, 2001; Jintakune & Chanhome, 1995; Nabhitabhata, 2004; Nabhitabhata & Chan-ard, 2005; Nabhitabhata et al., 2004; Nutaphand, 1971, 2001; Nutaphand & Tumvipart, 1982; Pauwels et al., 2002 (Phlang-nga); Purananda, 1957; M.A. Smith, 1914b-c, 1915b-c, e, 1923b; Soderberg, 1967a-b, 1973; Suvatti, 1950; E.H. Taylor, 1965; E.H. Taylor & Elbel, 1958; Tu, 1974

VIETNAM (Indochina, North Vietnam, South Vietnam): Bain & Hurley, 2011; Barme, 1968; Bourret, 1927, 1935c, 1936a-b, 1938, 1939d; Campden-Main, 1970a; Darevsky, 1990; I. Das, 2010, 2012; Dowling, 1966; Kharin, 2006 (sea snakes); T. Kien & Nguyen, 1995 (venomous); Koukoulis, 1967; Mocquard, 1904b; V.S. Nguyen, 2007; V.S. Nguyen & Ho, 1996, 2005; V.S. Nguyen et al., 2009; Orlov et al., 2000, 2010 (Fansipan Mts.); Ota & Weidenhöfer, 1990; H.W. Parker, 1925a; Saint-Girons, 1972b; Szyndlar & Nguyen, 1996; Tien, 1957 (Quang-Tri), 1960; Tran & Nguyen, 1995; Viravan et al., 1992; Vo & Nguyen, 1993 (venomous); Ziegler, 2002; Ziegler et al., 2006a-b (Truong Son, Quang Binh); Ziegler & Nguyen, 2010

GENERAL: T. Barbour, 1912b; Brongersma, 1934; Burt & Burt, 1932c; I. Das, 2002b; C.J.P. Haas, 1950; Leviton, 1968b; Loveridge, 1945b; Mertens, 1930; Oshima, 1944; W.C.H. Peters & Doria, 1878; Rooij, 1917; Roux, 1913a; Steindachner, 1867a; Sternfeld, 1914, 1920c; Werler & Keegen, 1963

ARU & KEI ISLANDS: Roux, 1910b

BRUNEI (Negara Brunei Darussalam): I. Das, 2007b; I. Das et al., 2008b; Stuebing & Inger, 1999

EAST MALAYSIA (Sabah, Sarawak, North Borneo): E. Bartlett, 1895a-b, 1896a-b; I. Das, 2006c, 2010, 2012; I. Das & Hee, 2008 (Pulau Banggi Is.); Grismer, 2011 (Seribuat Arch.); Inger & Tan Fui Lian, 1996; Malkmus, 1987, 1989, 1992; Malkmus et al., 2002 (Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah); J.C. Murphy et al., 1994; M.A. Smith, 1931b; Stuebing, 1991, 1994a; Stuebing & Inger, 1999

INDONESIA (Netherland/Dutch Indies): Boulenger, 1885 (Nias), 1894c (Mentawei), 1897d; Brongersma, 1931, 1933b (Aklu-Weh), 1933d (Weh), 1933f (Wetar); I. Das, 1998b, 2006a (Borneo), 2010, 2012; Dring et al., 1990 (Mentawei); Ferreira, 1898 (Timor); Focart, 1953 (Sundas); Inger & Voris, 2001 (Sundaland); Iskandar & Coliljn, 2001; Jong, 1926 (Burkana), 1927 (Dutch New Guinea), 1928, 1930a; Kaiser et al., 2011 (TimorLeste); Lang, 2011a-b (Lesser Sundas); Manthey & Grossmann, 1997; Maradjo, 1977; McKay, 2006 (Bali); Mertens, 1927b, 1930, 1957a (all Sundas); Roux, 1913b, 1931; Supriatna, 1981 (venomous); Westermann, 1942

JAVA: Brongersma, 1929, 1930; Capoccacia, 1976; I. Das, 2010, 2012; C.J.P. Haas, 1941; Hodges, 1993; Hoesel, 1959; Kopstein, 1938; Mertens, 1957a; Rooij, 1922; Whitten & McCarthy, 1993

KALIMANTAN (Borneo, Indonesian Borneo): Auliya, 2006; E. Bartlett, 1895a-b, 1896a-b; A.E. Brown, 1902a; I. Das, 2002b, 2006a, 2010, 2012; Haile, 1959; Malkmus, 1987, 1989; Mocquard, 1890a-b; Shelford, 1901b; M. Smith, 1925a-b; Stuebing, 1991, 1994a; Stuebing & Inger, 1999

KOMODO ISLAND: Auffenberg, 1980; Darevsky, 1964 NATUNA ISLAND: A. Günther, 1895b PAPUA NEW GUINEA (Dutch New Guinea): Brongersma,

1956d; Hediger, 1934; Jong, 1927; Lidth de Jeude, 1911a-b; Loveridge, 1948; McDowell, 1974a, 1975a-b, 1979, 1984; Méhely, 1895, 1898; O’Shea, 1990, 1996; F. Parker, 1983, H.W. Parker, 1936a; Peters & Doria, 1878; Room, 1974; Roux, 1919c; Scott et al., 1977; K.R. Slater, 1968; F. Werner, 1900c; Whitaker et al., 1982

PALAU ISLANDS (Belau): Crombie & Pregill, 1999 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Alcala, 1986; Boettger, 1886c;

W.C. Brown & Alcala, 1964 (S Negros), 1970, 1986; R.M. Brown et al., 1996, 2000 (Luzon); Casto de Elera, 1895; Devan-Song & Brown, 2012 (Luzon); Ferner et al., 2001 (Panay); Gaulke, 1996 (Sibutu), 2011 (Panay); L.E. Griffin, 1909b (Palawan), 1910 (Palilb), 1911; Grismer, 1996; Leviton, 1959b, 1961b, 1963b; McLeod et al., 2011 (Luzon); Mocquard, 1890a-b; Rabor, 1981; Ross & Gonzales, 1992 (Catanduanes); Ross & Lazell, 1991 (Dinagat & Siargao); Siler et al., 2011 (Luzon); B.E. Smith, 1993 (E Mindanao); E.H. Taylor, 1918a, 1922-1925; Toriba, 1990c

SINGAPORE: Chan-ard et al., 1999; M.J. Cox et al., 1998; I. Das, 2010, 2012; K.K.P. Lim & Chou, 1990; Ridley, 1899; Sworder, 1922, 1924

SULAWESI (Celebes): Bosch, 1985; Boulenger, 1897g; Iskandar & Nio, 1996; Jong, 1926; Koch, 2012; Lang & Vogel, 2005; Malkmus, 1993a

SUMATRA: Baumann, 1913; Boulenger, 1920e; Brongersma & Wehlburg, 1933; Cohn, 1905; I. Das, 2010, 2012; David & Vogel, 1996; Edeling, 1870; Holtzinger-Tenever, 1917; Lange & Rooij, 1912; Lidth de Jeude, 1922; Lönnberg & Rendahl, 1925; Matsui et al., 1984; Robinson & Kloss, 1920; Volz, 1904; F. Werner, 1900b; Westermann, 1942

WEST MALAYSIA (Malay Peninsula, Penang): Batchelor, 1958; Boulenger, 1903f, 1912c; Cantor, 1847; Chan-ard et al., 1999; M.J. Cox et al., 1998; I. Das, 2010, 2012; Dring, 1979; Flower, 1896, 1899; Grandison, 1978; Grismer, 2005 (Tioman Arch.), 2011 (Seribuat Arch.), Grismer et al., 2002b, 2006 (Seribuat Arch.), 2010 (Banjaran Bintang); Grismer & Khang Aun, 2008; Heang, 1987; Hendrickson, 1966; Inger & Voris, 2001; Koba, 1971, 1973; Kopstein, 1938, 1941; B.-L. Lim, 1963, 1982, 1990; Manthey & Grossmann, 1997; Onn et al., 2010 (Palau Pangkor); Ridley, 1899; Robinson & Kloss, 1916, 1920; Smedley, 1928-1932; M.A. Smith, 1927, 1930a; Tweedie, 1940-1983

GENERAL: Kinghorn & Kellaway, 1943; Werler & Keegen, 1963

AUSTRALIA: Barker & Barker, 1994; Barrett, 1950; R. Bennett, 1997; Bush, 1981; Bush & Maryan, 2011 (the Pilbara); Bush et al., 1995, 2007; Cadle, 1985 (biogeography); Cameron & Cogger, 1992; Cermak, 2008; Cogger, 1975, 1975, 1981 (Arnhem Land), 1983, 1988, 1992, 2000; Cogger et al., 1983a-b, 1993; Covacevich, 1981, 1987; Covacevich et al., 1987; Covacevich & Couper, 1991; Coventry & Robertson, 1991; Edwards, 2009; Ehmann, 1992; Emmott & Wilson, 2009; C. Frith & Frith, 1987; Glauert, 1957; Gow, 1976, 1977b (Darwin area), 1983, 1989; Greer, 1997; Griffiths, 1987, 1996, 2012 (Sydney); Hines & Hoser, 1987; Hunt, 1947; Hutchinson, 1990; Ingram & Covacevich, 1981; Jenkins & Bartell, 1980 (high country); Kend, 1997 (“pythons”); Kinghorn, 1964; Krefft, 1866c (Sidney area); 1869b; Leggett, 1996; Longmore, 1986, 2002; Loveridge, 1934, 1938c; Low, 1978; Lunney & Ayers, 1993; F. McCoy, 1867 (Victoria); McDowell, 1985; Mengden, 1983; Mincham, 1970; Mirtschin & Davis, 1983; Mirtschin et al., 1990; F.J. Mitchell, 1951, 1955, 1964 (Arnhem Land) 1966; Sadlier, 1990 (Northern Territory); Schmida, 1985; Schwaner, 1985 (So. Australia); Shine, 1991; Shuntov, 1971 (sea snakes of N Australian shelf); P. Slater, 1997; L.A. Smith, 1976 (Barrow Is.); Storr & Hanlon, 1980; Storr & Harold, 1978, 1980, 1985; Stanger et al., 1998; Storr, 1985 (West. Australia); Storr et al., 1981, 1983, 1986, 2002 (West. Australia); Sutherland, 1981; G. Swan, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 (Queensland); G. Swan & Watharow, 2005 (Victorian Mallee, 1966); G. Swan et al., 2004 (New South Wales); M. Swan, 2007 (pythons); Swanson, 2008, 2012; Torr, 2000 (pythons); Waite, 1898, 1918a, 1928; Weigel, 1990; Wells, 2007 (sea

snakes); S.K. Wilson, 2005 (Queensland); S.K. Wilson & Swan, 2003; S.K. Wilson & Knowles, 1988; Worrell, 1953, 1961d, 1963c, 1967, 1970

CHRISTMAS ISLAND: Boulenger, 1887i, 1900i; Maclear, 1887; Cogger et al., 1983

COCOS ISLANDS (Keeling): Cogger et al., 1983b EASTER ISLAND: Garman, 1908 FIJI: Morrison, 2003 NEW CALEDONIA: Bauer & Sadlier, 2000; Bauer &

Vindum, 1990; Roux, 1913a NEW ZEALAND: Gill, 1986; McCann, 1966; Robb,

1980; West, 1979 SAMOA: Gill, 1993 SOLOMON ISLANDS (Bougainville): Boulenger, 1886b,

1887g, 1888f; Kinghorn, 1928a; M. McCoy, 1980, 2006; McDowell, 1970; V. Tanner, 1951

GENERAL: Bartlett & Bartlett, 2003 (Amazonia); J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1989, 2004 (both venomous); Dobiey & Vogel, 2012 (venomous); Duellman, 1979; Freiberg, 1954, 1982; Jenner, 1981; J.C. Murphy, 1996; J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970; Tipton, 2005; Vanzolini, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1986a

ARGENTINA: Abalos & Mischis, 1975; Abalos et al., 1964; Acosta et al., 1994; Albino & Quintana, 1992 (Buenos Aires); Álvarez et al., 2009 (Chaco, Formosa); Avila et al., 1998; Berg, 1898; Cabrera, 2004 (central Argentina); Cei, 1986, 1993; Cei et al., 1978; Cruz et al., 1992; Freiberg, 1939, 1968, 1982; Gallardo, 1977a-b; Giraudo, 2001; Giraudo & Arzamendia, 1997a; Giraudo & Scrocchi, 2002; Kacoliris et al., 2006 (Chaco); Koslowsky, 1898b; Laurent & Teran, 1981; Lavilla & Scrocchi, 1991; Lavilla et al., 2000; Leynaud & Bucher, 1999; Marelli, 1924, 1931; Milstead, 1956; Miranda et al., 1983; Orrego-Aravena, 1971; Reati, 1996; Scolaro, 2005 (S Patagonia), 2006 (N Patagonia); Serié, 1915b, 1916, 1921, 1936; Tiranti & Avila, 1997; J.D. Williams & Francini, 1991; J.D. Williams & Scrocchi, 1994; Yanosky et al., 1993, 1997

BOLIVIA: Embert, 2007; Fugler, 1983, 1984, 1986; Fugler & Riva, 1990; Fugler et al., 1995; Gans, 1960; KempffMercado, 1975; Lavilla et al., 1995 (Salta); MijariaUriona, 2001 (Amazonia); Montero et al., 1995; Riva et al., 1991; Sandoval, 1991

BRAZIL: Amaral, 1925b (Mato Grosso), 1930e-f, 1934d, 1935d (Goias, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte), 1937c-d, 1948 (Mato Grosso), 1949 (Pará), 1977; Araujo et al., 2010 (São Paulo); Argôlo, 2004 (Bahia); Avila-Pires, 2005 (Guiana shield); Barth, 1957 (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro); Boulenger, 1885a, 1886a (both Rio Grande do Sul); Brazil, 1914; Carvallho et al., 2007 (Manaus area); Cicchi et al., 2007 (São Paulo); Cordeiro & Hoge, 1974 (Pernambuco); H.C. Costa et al., 2010b (Minas Gerais); Cunha & Nascimento, 1978 (Pará), 1980 (Roraima), 1993; Cunha et al., 1985 (Pará); Domingos Cintra et al., 2009 (Goiás); Duellman, 1990

(Amazonia); Forlani et al., 2010 (Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, São Paulo); Freitas, 1999 (Bahia), 2003; Freitas & Pavie, 2002 (Bahia); Gomes, 1916, 1918 (Ceará, Pará); Guichenot, 1855; Hamdan & Lirada-Silva, 2012; Hoge, 1953b-d (Amazonia, Mato Grosso), 1967 (Amapá); Hoge & Belluomini, 1960 (Pará); Hoge & Maranhao-Nina, 1964 (Amazonia); Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981b; Hoge et al., 1973 (Amazonia), 1975 (São Paulo), 1978b (Maranhão), 1981a (Piauí); Ihering, 1911; Jorge de Silva et al., 2009 (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul); Koslowsky, 1898a (Mato Grosso); Lema, 1977a, 1994; Lema & FabiánBeurmann, 1977 (Rio Grande do Sul), 1987; Lema, 1973b, 1980 (Rio Grande do Sul), 1983 (Pampeana, Limitropies), 1987 (Rio Grande do Sul); Lema et al., 1980 (Rio Grande do Sul); Lima-Verde, 1972 (Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte); Loebmann & Hadded, 2010 (Ceará); Machado, 1944, 1945a-c; Marques et al., 2001 (Mata Atlántica), 2004 (Sierra do Mar range), 2005 (Pantanal); Martins & Oliveira, 1998 (Manaus region); Mercadante, 2005; L. Müller, 1927 (Pernambuco); P. Müller, 1968a, 1968c (both São Paulo); Nascimento & Lima-Verde, 1989 (Ceará); Nascimento et al., 1987 (Pará), 1988 (Mato Grosso, Rondônia), 1991 (Pará); O’Shea, 1989 (Roraima); Prudente et al., 2010 (Coari, Amazonas); Recoder et al., 2011 (Tocantins); Ribeiro et al., 2012 (Ceará); Rocha & Pontes, 2008 (Rio de Janeiro); Santos, 1941, 1955, 1981; Salles et al., 2010 (Rio de Janeiro); F.M. Silva, 2011 (Barcarena area, Pará); M. Silva, 1956; Spix & Martius, 1823; SuzartArgôlo, 2004 (Bahia); Thermido, 1945; Valdujo et al., 2009 (central Brazil); Vanzolini, 1948 (São Paulo), 1986b (Rondônia); Vanzolini et al., 1980; Vas-Silva et al., 2007 (Goiás); Vrcibradic et al. (Rio de Janeiro); Yuki & M. de Santos, 1996 (Pará); Zimmerman & Rodrigues, 1990

CHILE: Donoso-Barros, 1965, 1966, 1970; Gay, 1848; Gigoux, 1940; Nuñez, 1992; Quijada, 1916; Pflaumer, 1943; Troncoso & Ortiz, 1987; Veloso & Navarro, 1988

COLOMBIA: Aléman, 1953; Amaral, 1932b, 1935b; T. Barbour, 1905; Barriga-bonilla et al., 1969; H. Daniel, 1949, 1955; Dugand, 1975; Dunn, 1944f-h, 1945, 1957; García, 1896; Medem, 1965, 1969, 1979; MorenoArias et al., 2010 (Cundinamarca, Yacopí); Nicéforo Maria, 1930-1975; H.W. Parker, 1926b (Gorgona Is.); Peracca, 1912; Pérez-Santos, 1983, 1986; Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1986, 1988, 1989a; Rendahl & Vestergren, 1940; Ruthven, 1922; Sanchez et al., 1995; Tinoco, 1976; Touzet, 1986

ECUADOR: Albuja et al., 1980; Almendáriz, 1987 (Pastaza), 1991; Duellman, 1978 (Napo), 1990; Freire, 1982; Fugler & Walls, 1978; Miyata, 1980, 1982 (both Esmeraldas, Los Ruis, Pichicha); Orcés, 1942, 1943, 1948 (venomous); Ortega-Andrade et al., 2010 (Esmeraldas Bilsa Biol. Station); H.W. Parker, 1938b; Pérez-Santos & Moreno, 1991; J.A. Peters, 1960a; Rendahl & Vestergren, 1941; Vigle, 2008 (Estación Biol. Jatun Jacha, Napo)

FRENCH GUIANA: Abuys, 2003; Ávila-Pires, 2005 (Guiana Shield); Born, 1996; Chippaux, 1987; Claessen, 2001-2006b (Guiana Shield); Gasc & Rodriques, 1980; Hoogmoed, 1979; Hoogmoed & Avila-Pires, 1991; Starace, 1998

GALAPAGOS (Ecuador): S. Garman, 1892a; Mertens, 1960a; Slevin, 1935; Steindachner, 1876; Swash & Still, 2000; Van Denbrugh, 1912c

GUYANA (British Guiana): Ávila-Pires, 2005 (Guiana Shield); Beebe, 1919, 1946; Claessen, 2001-2006b (Guiana Shield); Cole et al., 2013; Hoogmoed, 1979, 1983; MacCulloch & Reynolds, 2012 (Paramakatoi & Kato); H.W. Parker, 1935; Quelch, 1898a; Reynolds & MacCulloch, 2012 (Baramita)

PARAGUAY: Aquino et al., 1996; Bertoni, 1918; Boettger, 1885a; Cacciali, 2008; Canese, 1966 (venomous); Gatti, 1955; Norman, 1994 (Chaco); Schouten, 1937; Scott et al., 1975; Serié, 1915c

PERU: Carrillo de Espinoza, 1966, 1970, 1977, 1983, 1989; Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea, 1995; Dixon & Soini, 1977, 1986; Duellman, 1990, 2005 (Cusco Amazonico); Duellman & Mendelson, 1995; Duellman & Salas, 1991; Henle & Ehrl, 1991; Lamar, 1997a; Lehr, 2002; Meneses, 1974; Morales & McDiarmid, 1996 (Madre de Dios); Pefaur et al., 1978; Prado & Hoge, 1948; Reynolds et al., 1997 (Madre de Dios); Rodriguez & Cadle, 1990; K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943a-c, 1945; Yarlequé-Chocas, 2000; Young & León, 1999

SURINAME (Dutch Guiana): Abuys, 1982-1989, 2003; Brongersma, 1967; Claessen, 2001-2006b (Guiana Shield); Hoge, 1964d; Hoogmoed, 1979; Moonen et al., 1979

URUGUAY: Achaval, 1976, 2001; Achaval & Olmos, 2003; Carreira-Vidal et al., 2005, 2012a; CarreiraVidal, 2002; Devincenzi, 1925, 1939; A. Ferreira, 1949; Gudynas, 1989; Lema & Fabián-Beurmann, 1977; VazFerreira & Sierra de Soriano, 1960

VENEZUELA: Aleman, 1952; Ávila-Pires, 2005 (Guiana Shield); Beebe, 1946; Fuentes & Rodriguez-Acosta, 1997; Gorzula & Señaris, 1998; Kornacker, 1999; La Marca & Soriano, 2004; Lancini, 1979, 1983, 1986; Lancini-V. & Kornacker, 1989; Mijares-Urrutia & Arends R., 2000; Navarrete et al., 2009; Péfaur, 1992; Péfaur & Rivero, 2000; Rivas-Fuenmayer & Oliveros, 1998; Rivas-Fuenmayer et al., 2012; Roze, 1954 (upper Orinoco), 1956 (Roques and Orchila Is.), 1957a, 1958b-c, 1962a-b, 1965 (Margarita Is.), 1966a; Sandner-Montilla, 1965, 1975; Stejneger, 1901c; Test et al., 1966a-b; Ugueto & Rivas, 2010 (Nuevá Esparta); Vellard, 1941; Vetencourt, 1960 (venomous)

WEST INDIES: T. Barbour, 1914a, 1930, 1935, 1937; Crother, 1999a-b; A.C.L.G. Günther, 1888d (Dominica); S.B. Hedges, 1996; Henderson & Powell, 1999, 2009; Maclean et al., 1977; Maglio, 1970; J.C. Murphy, 1996; Pregill & Crother, 1999; K.P. Schmidt,

1921a (Santo Domingo); A. Schwartz & Henderson, 1985, 1988, 1991; A. Schwartz & Thomas, 1975; A. Schwartz et al., 1978; Underwood, 1962

CAYMAN ISLANDS: Grant, 1940b; Seidel & Franz, 1994

CUBA: Alayo Dalmau, 1955; T. Barbour & Ramsden, 1919; Buide, 1966 (Hicacos), 1967; Estrada & Ruibal, 1999; Estrada, 1994; Fong & Navarro, 2001 (SaguaBaracoa Mts.); Garrido & Jaume, 1984; Gundlach, 1867, 1875, 1880; Lando & Williams, 1969; RodríguezSchettino, 2000, 2003

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (Hispaniola): Cochran, 1941; Henderson & Schwartz, 1984a; Henderson et al., 1984; Mertens, 1939; Powell et. al.,1999

HAITI (Hispaniola): Cochran, 1924, 1941; Franz & Cordier, 1986; Henderson & Schwartz, 1984a; Henderson et al., 1984; Mertens, 1939; Powell et al., 1999

JAMAICA: Grant, 1940a, 1940c; Lambert, 1986; Lynn & Grant, 1940; Crombie, 1999

LESSER ANTILLES (Leeward Is., Windward Is.): Breuil, 2002, 2003 (Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, Saint Barthélemy), 2009 (Martinique); Brongersma, 1940, 1959; Censky & Kaiser, 1999; Hodge et al., 2003 (Anguilla); Powell, 1999 (Navassa); Powell et al., 1996, 2005 (Dutch Westward Is.); K.P. Schmidt, 1921b (Navassa)

NETHERLAND ANTILLES (Dutch Antilles): Brongersma, 1940, 1959; Borg, 2008 (Curaçao); Buurt, 2001, 2005; Malhotra & Thorpe, 1999; Ruthven, 1923

PUERTO RICO: Grant, 1931, 1932a-b; Rivero, 1978, 1998; K.P. Schmidt, 1920, 1928a; Stejneger, 1904; R. Thomas & Powell, 1999; R. Thomas & Joglar, 1996

SAN ANDRES & PROVIDENCIA ISLANDS: Dunn & Saxe, 1950; Valdivieso & Tamsitt, 1963b

TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: T. Barbour, 1916c; Boos, 1967 (Huevos Is.), 1983b, 2001; Boos & Quesnel, 1968; Brongersma, 1956a; Emsley, 1963a, 1977; J.D. Hardy, 1982; Mertens, 1972b; Mole, 1924; Mole & Ulrich, 1894; J.C. Murphy, 1997; K.P. Schmidt (venomous); Wehekind, 1960

VIRGIN ISLANDS: Boos & Quesnel, 1968; Grant, 1932c, 1937; Maclean, 1982; K.P. Schmidt, 1928a

CENTRAL AMERICA: Bolaños, 1983 (venomous), 1984; J.A. Campbell & Lamar, 1989, 2004 (venomous); Duellman, 1966a; J.D. Johnson, 1984, 1989; J.D. Johnson et al., 2001; G. Köhler, 2001a, 2003, 2008; J.A. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970; Savage, 1966, 1982; Tipton, 2005; Vanzolini, 1986a; Villa et al., 1988; L.D. Wilson & Johnson, 2010; L.D. Wilson & Townsend, 2010; L.D. Wilson et al., 2010

BELIZE (British Honduras): J.A. Campbell, 1998b; J.A. Campbell & Vannini, 1988; Garel & Matola, 1995; Henderson & Hoevers, 1975; J.C. Lee, 1996, 2000; Neill, 1965; Neill & Allen, 1959; S.G. Platt et al., 1999;

K.P. Schmidt, 1941; Stafford & Meyer, 2000; Stafford et al., 2010; Weyer, 1990

COSTA RICA: A. Alfaro, 1985; Bolaños, 1984 (venomous); R.M. Burger, 2001 (Caño Palma Biol. Stn.); Cope, 1875a; Duellman, 1990; Guyer, 1994 (La Selva); Guyer & Donnelly, 2005 (La Selva & Caribbean); M.P. Hayes et al., 1989 (Monteverde); Leenders, 2001; McConnell, 2013; Picado, 1931, 1976; Sasa & Solórzano, 1995 (Santa Rosa Natl. Pk.); Sasa et al., 2010; Savage, 1980a-b, 2002; Savage & Bolaños, 2009; Savage & Villa, 1986; N.J. Scott, 1969; N.J. Scott et al., 1983; Solórzano, 2004; E.H. Taylor, 1951, 1954, 1955; R. Taylor et al., 1974 (venomous); R. Van Devender, 1980 (Monteverde); Verhoeven, 1995 (Rara Avis); Wettstein, 1934

EL SALVADOR: Dueñas et al., 2001; Greenbaum & Komar, 2010; G. Köhler, 1996b; G. Köhler et al., 2006; Mertens, 1952a-c; Rand, 1957; K.P. Schmidt, 1928b; Uzzell & Starett, 1958

GUATEMALA: Acevedo, 2006; Acevedo et al., 2010; J.A. Campbell, 1982, 1998b, 2001; J.A. Campbell & Vannini, 1988; Duellman, 1963 (Peten); J.C. Lee, 1996, 2000; K.P. Schmidt & Stuart, 1941 (Baja Verapaz); Slevin, 1939; L.C. Stuart, 1934-1963; Tomas Rodas, 1938

HONDURAS: Carr, 1950; Cruz-Diaz, 1987; Dunn & Emlen, 1932; Espinal et al., 2001; Marineros, 2000; McCranie, 2011a, McCranie & Castañeda, 2005 (Parque Nacional Pico); McCranie et al., 2005 (Bay Is. & Cayos Cochinos), 2006 (Mosquita); Meyer, 1969; Townsend & Wilson, 2008 (Cusco Natl. Pk.), 2010a-b; L.D. Wilson, 1985; L.D. Wilson & Cruz-Diaz, 1993 (Cayo Cochinos); L.D. Wilson & Hahn, 1973 (Bay Is.); L.D. Wilson & McCranie, 1994, 2003, 2004a-b; L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1985; L.D. Wilson et al., 2001, 2010

MEXICO: Alvarez del Toro, 1960, 1973, 1982 (all Chiapas); Benítez-Gálvez, 1997 (Puebla); Bogert & Oliver, 1945 (Sonora); P.R. Brown & Wright, 1994 (deserts); Calderon et al., 2003 (Campeche); Camarillo & Smith, 1992 (state of México); J.A. Campbell, 1998b (Yucatán); Canseco-Márquez & Gutiérrez-Mayén, 2006 (Puebla), 2010 (Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley); Canseco-Márquez et al., 2000 (Puebla); Cárdenas et al., 1988 (Baja California); Casas-Andreu & McCoy, 1979; Casas-Andreu et al., 1996 (Oaxaca); CastroFranco & Bustos-Zagal, 1994 (Morelos); CastroFranco & Gaviño de la Torre, 1990 (Nayarit); Conant, 1965; Cruz-Sáenz et al., 2009 (Jalisco), 2011 (Jalisco: Huaxtla); Dixon & Lemos-Espinal, 2010 (Querétaro); Dixon et al., 1972 (Querétaro); Duellman, 1954 (Michoacán), 1958c (Colima), 1961 (Michoacán), 1965a (Yucatán), 1965b (Michoacán); Dugès, 1897b; Dundee et al., 1986 (Yucatán); Enderson et al., 2009 (Sonora); Flores-Villela, 1991, 1993; Flores-Villela et al., 1987, 2010 (Central Highlands); Fugler, 1953 (San Luis Potosí); Fugler & Dixon, 1961 (Sinaloa); García & Ceballos, 1994 (Jalisco); Grismer, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2002 (all Baja California); L.M. Hardy & McDiarmid, 1969 (Sinaloa); Hensley & Lannom, 1966 (Colima);

Himmelstein, 1981 (Quintana Roo); J.D. Johnson, 1976 (Chiapas), 1984, 1989; J.D. Johnson et al., 2010 (SE México); Lascano-Villarreal & Contreras, 1995 (Nuevo León); Lascano-Villarreal et al., 2010 (Nuevo León); Lavin-Murcio & Lazcano-Villarreal, 2010 (N Mexico); Lazcano-Villarreal et al., 2004, 2010 (both Nuevo León); J.C. Lee, 1980, 1996, 2000 (all Yucatán); Lemos-Espinal & Smith, 2007a-c (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora); Lemos-Espinal et al., 2002a-b (Chihuahua), 2004c-e (Chihuahua, Sonora, Zacatecas); Leviton & Banta, 1964 (Baja California); Liner, 1994, 2007 (checklist); Linsdale, 1932 (Baja California); Martin, 1958 (Tamaulipas); McCranie & Wilson, 1987 (Sierra Madre Occidental), 2001b (Aguascalientes); Mendez-de La Cruz et al., 1992 (Distrito Federal); Mendoza-Q., 1990 (Hidalgo); Mocquard, 1899 (Baja California); Morafka, 1977 (Chihuahuan desert); Muñoz-Alonso, 1988 (Chiapas, Guerrero); R.W. Murphy & Méndez de la Cruz, 2010 (Baja California); R.W. Murphy & Ottley, 1984 (Baja California); PérezHigareda & Smith, 1991 (Veracruz); Pérez-Higareda et al., 1987, 2007 (both Veracruz); Peréz-Ramos et al., 2000 (Guerrero); J.A. Peters, 1954 (Michoacán); Ramírez-Bautista, 1994 (Jalisco); Ramírez-Bautista et al., 1991 (state of México), 2010 (Hidalgo); Rossi & Rossi, 2003; K.P. Schmidt, 1922 (Baja California), 1936a (Yucatán); K.P. Schmidt & Andrews, 1936 (Yucatán); K.P. Schmidt & Owens, 1944 (N Coahuila); N.J. Scott, 1951 (Sinoloa), 1962 (Sinaloa); H.M. Smith, 1943a; H.M. Smith & Shannon, 1947 (Michoacán); H.M. Smith & Smith, 1973, 1976, 1993; H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1945; Soule & Sloan, 1966 (Baja California); W.W. Tanner, 1985 (Chihuahua); E.H. Taylor, 1936b (Sinaloa), 1940c, 1949-1953 (San Luis Potosí); Toro & Smith, 1956 (Chiapas); Van Denburgh, 1895a (Baja California); Vásquez-Díaz & Quintero-Díaz, 1997a-b, 2005 (Aguascalientes); Vega-López & Alvarez-S., 1992 (Puebla); Webb, 1984 (Durango, Sinaloa); Welsh, 1976 (Baja California); Woolrich-Piña et al., 2005 (Puebla); Zweifel, 1958 (Baja California), 1959a, 1959b (Nayarit), 1960 (Tres Marias Is.)

NICARAGUA: Brattstrom & Howell, 1954; Cope, 1871c; G. Köhler, 1999b, 2001b; Ochomogo, 1957 (venomous); Ruiz-Pérez, 1996; Sunyer & Köhler, 2010; Vences et al., 1998; Villa, 1962, 1972 (Corn Is.), 1983, 1984 (venomous)

PANAMA: Auth, 1994; T. Barbour, 1906; Breder, 1946 (Darien); Duellman, 1990; Dunn, 1931, 1942, 1943a, 1944f-g, 1949; Dunn & Bailey, 1939; Grocott & Sadler, 1958; Ibañez & Solis, 1991; Ibanez-D. et al., 1994, 2001; Jaramillo et al., 2010; C.W. Myers & Rand, 1969; Peracca, 1896b; Perez-Santos et al., 1993; Rand & Myers, 1990; Slevin, 1942; H.M. Smith, 1958; Solis et al., 1996

GENERAL: Baird & Girard, 1853; Ballinger & Lynch, 1983; Banks et al., 1987; Behler & King, 1979; Blanchard, 1925; Cagle, 1968; Cochran & Goin, 1970; Cope, 1975c, 1900; Ditmars, 1907, 1936, 1939; Ernst, 1992 (venomous); Ernst & Ernst, 2003, 2011 (venomous); Garman, 1884; Gehlbach, 1965a (incl. Pliocene and Pleistocene); Leviton, 1972; Perkins, 1949b; Powell et al., 2012; Rossi & Rossi, 2003; K.P. Schmidt, 1953a; K.P. Schmidt & Davis, 1941; Shupe, 2004 (venomous); H.M. Smith & Brodie, 1982; Stejneger, 1895 (venomous); Stejneger & Barbour, 1943; Tipton, 2005; Wright & Wright, 1957; Yarrow, 1883b

WESTERN USA: Adler, 1978; R.D. Bartlett & Tennant, 2000; P.R. Brown & Wright, 1994; Collins & Taggart, 2009; Conant et al., 1956; Crother et al., 2012; Hanson & Hanson, 1997; Heymann, 1975; Nussbaum et al., 1983; Rossi & Rossi, 1995; C.E. Shaw & Campbell, 1974; Slevin, 1934; Stebbins, 1954, 1985; St. John, 2002; Stoops & Wright, 1993 (Southwest); W.W. Tanner & Banta, 1966 (Great Basin); Van Denburgh, 1897, 1922; Woodhouse, 1853

EASTERN USA: R.D. Bartlett & Bartlett, 2005; Collins & Taggart, 2009; Conant, 1957 (NE USA), 1975; Conant & Collins, 1991, 1998; Conant et al., 1956; Crother et al., 2012; N.S. Davis & Rice, 1883a; DeGraaf & Rudis, 1981, 1983; Ernst & Barbour, 1989; Gibbons & Dorcas, 2005 (SE USA); Gray, 2005; Hulse et al., 2001 (NE USA); J.J. Jackson, 1983 (SE USA); Knobel, 1896 (New England); Minter, 2005; Reichling, 2008; Rossi, 1992; Tennant, 2003; Tennant & Bartlett, 2000

ALABAMA: Boschung, 1977; Chermock, 1952; Gibbons & Dorcas, 2005; Haltom, 1931; Linzey, 1979; Löding, 1922; Mount, 1975

ALASKA: Hodge, 1976; Logier & Toner, 1961; St. John, 2002

ARIZONA: Brennan & Hollycross, 2005 (Maricopa Co.), 2006; Fowlie, 1965; Gloyd, 1937; Grater, 1981 (Lake Mead); Lazaroff et al., 2006 (Sabino Canyon); Lowe, 1964; Lowe et al., 1986; D.M. Miller et al., 1982; Ruthven, 1907; Stejneger, 1902b; Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1913

ARKANSAS: Dellinger & Black, 1938; Dowling, 1957b; Hurter & Strecker, 1909; K.J. Irwin, 2004; Schwardt, 1938; Trauth et al., 2004; Vance, 1982, 1985

CALIFORNIA: P.R. Brown, 1997; J.G. Cooper, 1870; Delisle et al., 1987 (Santa Monica Mts.); Dixon, 1967; Glaser, 1970 (Riverside Co.); Hill, 1948 (Los Angeles Co.); Jennings, 1983b, 1987; Jennings & Hayes, 1994; D.H. Johnson et al., 1948; Klauber, 1939d; Lemm, 2006 (San Diego Co.); McKeown, 1974; J.C. Murphy, 1990 (southern); Perkins, 1949a; Pickwell, 1947; Schoenherr, 1976 (San Gabriel Mtns.); Stebbins, 1959, 1972; Stebbins & McGinnis, 2012; St. John, 2002; Zeiner et al., 1998

COLORADO: M.M. Ellis & Henderson, 1913; Hammerson, 1986, 1999; Jones-Burdick, 1949; Maslin, 1959; H.M. Smith et al., 1965

CONNECTICUT: Klemens, 1991; Krulikowski, 2004; Lamson, 1935; Peterson & Fritsch, 1986

DELAWARE: Arndt, 1985; Conant, 1945; McCauley, 1945; C.F. Reed, 1956b, 1958b; J.E. White & White, 2002

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Harris, 1975; Hay, 1902; McCauley, 1945

FLORIDA: R. Anderson, 1983, 1985, 1989; Ashton, 1977; Ashton & Ashton, 1988; Bartlett & Bartlett, 2003; Bartolotti & Bartolotti, 2010; Blaney, 1971; P. Carmichael & Williams, 1991; Carr, 1940; Carr & Goin, 1955; Cope, 1889a; Duellman & Schwartz, 1959; Enge & Dodd, 1992; Gibbons & Dorcas, 2005; Haast & Anderson, 1981; Laerm et al., 1980; Lazell, 1989; Meshaka et al., 2004; Moler, 1992; Tennant, 1997, 2003; Truitt, 1962; L.D. Wilson & Porras, 1983

GEORGIA: Gibbons & Dorcas, 2005; Gibbons & Semlitsch, 1991; Gibbons & West, 1998; Jensen & Moulis, 1999; Jensen et al., 2008; Martof, 1956; Neill, 1949b; Vitt & Laerm, 1982; Wharton, 1963; G.K. Willamson & Moulis, 1979, 1994

HAWAII: McKeown, 1996; Oliver & Shaw, 1953 IDAHO: Linder & Fichter, 1977; Nussbaum et al., 1983;

W.W. Tanner, 1941 ILLINOIS: Cagle, 1941; N.S. Davis & Rice, 1883b; H.