ABSTRACT
Two main factors put tremendous pressure on the future of urban goods movement. First, the United Nations (2012) reports that more than half of the approximately 7 billion people on the planet are living in urban areas. The worrying part is that although the world population itself is expected to grow by around 30% come 2050, the percentage of urban dwellers will rise by 75% in the same period. Second, there is a strong drive to increase the density of urban areas and curb sprawl. The denser the population, the higher the demand for consumables, and freight in
6.1 Introduction 79 6.2 Modeling Context 81
6.2.1 Stakeholders 82 6.2.2 Objectives 83 6.2.3 Descriptor 84 6.2.4 Perspectives 84
6.3 Freight Demand Modeling 85 6.4 Agent-Based Models 89 6.5 Supply Chain Networks 94 6.6 Conclusion 95 References 96
general, in those areas. Although the ow of freight is critical for the prosperity of the population, it is also a major contributor to societal problems in the form of congestion, air pollution, and the degradation of the infrastructure and the environment (Browne and Goodchild, 2013).
