ABSTRACT

Vesicoureteral reux (VUR) denotes the retrograde ow of urine from bladder to the kidneys, most commonly the result of anatomic abnormality of vesicoureteral junction with shortening of intravesical submucosal length of the ureter. VUR may be an isolated abnormality (primary VUR) that is diagnosed mostly aer urinary tract infection (UTI). Primary VUR is predominantly seen in white children. Indeed, 81% of the 607 patients in the Randomized Intervention in Children with VUR (RIVUR) study were white.1 Primary VUR is also diagnosed during postnatal follow-up of antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis or screening a sibling of a patient with VUR. VUR also occurs in association with other congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, including renal dysplasia, and can occur in association with obstructive uropathy or neurogenic bladder (secondary VUR).