ABSTRACT
Of all the changes to Online GIS over the last decade, it has been the changes on the client side that have had the greatest influence on the popularity of Online GIS. The biggest changes have been the use of browser-based systems to access map content online and languages to enable client-side operations. Underpinning this has been the development of APIs to speed up development and extend ways in which users can render and query data. This chapter discusses the GIS operations which are performed at the client end. Clients used to be mostly desktop computers, but now include tablets and smartphones. Operating systems now include Android, new
GIS and
variants of Microsoft Windows and IOS (Apple) as well as the traditional big three, LINUX, Mac OS X and Windows.
