ABSTRACT
The concern for exhausting availability of fossil fuels for fullling future energy demands and considering changes in global climate by conventional energy resources has diverted research toward environmentally safe and sustainable energy resources. Total global primary energy use in 2010 was reported to be 12,002.4 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe), which, at a standardized energy density of 41.868 GJ T−1, is equal to ~0.5 ZJ and was provided by oil, gas, coal, nuclear, hydroelectric, and other renewables (BP 2011). In the last few decades, intensive works from experts in various elds focused on nding ecologically secure biofuel options.
