ABSTRACT
Normal anatomy 182 Chest radiography 182 Ultrasound 182 Computed tomography 183 Multislice and high-resolution Computed
tomography 183 Magnetic resonance imaging 184
Pleural fluid 184 Chest radiography 184 Ultrasound 186 Computed tomography 187 Magnetic resonance imaging 188
Empyema 188 Chest radiography 188 Ultrasound 189 Computed tomography 189 Magnetic resonance imaging 190
Tuberculous empyema190 Malignant pleural effusions 190
Chest radiography 190 Ultrasound 190 Computed tomography 190
Magnetic resonance imaging 191 Positron emission tomography combined
with CT 191 Chylothorax and pseudochylothorax 192
Chest radiography 192 Computed tomography 192 Magnetic resonance imaging 192 Lymphoscintigraphy 192
Hemothorax 192 Focal pleural disease 192
Pleural plaques 192 Localized fibrous tumor of the pleura 194 Pleural lipoma and liposarcoma 195 Lymphoma 195
Diffuse pleural disease 196 Diffuse benign pleural thickening:
asbestos related196 Diffuse benign pleural thickening:
nonasbestos related 196 Diffuse pleural thickening: apical
pleural cap 197 Diffuse malignant pleural thickening 198 Malignant mesothelioma 198 Staging of mesothelioma 201
Air 201 Pneumothorax201 Bronchopleural fistula 203
Future directions 203 References 204
● Correct interpretation of the chest radiography remains a cornerstone of the management of patients with pleural disease.
