ABSTRACT
The results of bathymetric or hydrographic surveys are produced in the form of nautical charts, sailing charts, coastal charts, harbor charts, electronic navigation charts, raster charts, etc. These charts in conjunction with computer aided digital display and sensors make excellent navigation equipments such as ECDIC (Electronic Chart Display and Information System), leveraging the power of bathymetric information and sensor information for safe navigation in deep sea. Therefore these systems are the best examples of manifestation of spatial information systems used for navigation, guidance and exploration of sea. Bathymetric information is also useful for effective planning of military operations at sea and for underwater exploration of natural resources.
