ABSTRACT
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating condition that results in signicant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Dened as any head injury with traumatic etiology, including blunt or penetrating trauma and nonaccidental injury, TBI commonly results from motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports-related injuries (Myburgh et al., 2008). Affecting over 1.5 million individuals annually in the United States, survivors of severe TBI can experience sustained and debilitating physical, psychological, and cognitive decits (Langlois, 2000; Faul et al., 2010). The lifetime cost of medical costs, rehabilitation, and lost productivity for survivors of TBI can be substantial, placing a major
5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 167 5.2 Clinical Findings: Long-Term Disability after Traumatic Brain Injury ....... 168 5.3 Experimental TBI in Rodents ....................................................................... 169 5.4 Sensorimotor Assessments ........................................................................... 172 5.5 Cognitive Outcomes ..................................................................................... 176 5.6 Psychiatric, Social, and Emotional Outcomes .............................................. 178 5.7 Modeling Clinically Relevant Behavior-What Are We Missing? .............. 179 5.8 Linking Behavioral Outcomes with Histopathology .................................... 181 5.9 Application of Behavioral Assessments in Therapeutics Discovery ............ 181 5.10 Lost in Translation? Recommendations to Improve Translation of
Functional Outcomes from Experimental Models to the Clinic .................. 182 5.10.1 Recommendation #1: Optimize Study Design
and Standardization ....................................................................... 182 5.10.2 Recommendation #2: Choose the Right Outcome Measures
and Evaluation Period ....................................................................... 183 5.10.3 Recommendation #3: Consider a Multimodal, Clinically
Relevant Approach ............................................................................ 184 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 184 References .............................................................................................................. 184
economic burden on families and society at large (Humphreys et al., 2013). Although historically much focus has been on brain injuries in adults, there is now an increasing understanding that those injured at a young age are more likely to develop symptoms such as attention decit and hyperactivity disorders, anxiety, depression, motor problems, and learning decits, all of which considerably impact long-term quality of life (Ewing-Cobbs et al., 1998; Jorge, 2005; Donders and Warschausky, 2007).
