ABSTRACT
Trauma is the leading cause of death worldwide in all individuals between the ages of 1 and 44, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in pediatric populations. There are currently few if any effective therapies to treat the acute edema and increased intracranial pressures (ICPs) resulting from TBI (Chesnut, 2004; Bazarian et al., 2005; Menon, 2009; Shlosberg et al., 2010). Patients who survive the
8.1 Background on Traumatic Brain Injury and Mesenchymal Stem Cells ....... 231 8.2 Therapeutic Potential of MSCs ..................................................................... 232 8.3 Mechanism of Action of MSCs and Soluble Factors in Traumatic
Brain Injury .................................................................................................. 233 8.4 Mechanisms of Action of MSCs and Soluble Factors in Organ
(Lung and Renal) Injury ............................................................................... 236 8.4.1 Immunomodulatory Effects of MSCs Mediated via Secreted
Soluble Factors .................................................................................. 237 8.4.2 Antibacterial Peptides and Factors Secreted by MSCs .................... 238
8.5 Mitochondrial Transfer from MSCs to Injured Target Cells ........................ 239 8.6 Therapeutic Potential of MSC-Derived Microvesicles and Exosomes ......... 239 8.7 Response of Injured Tissue and the Interplay of Microvesicles/
Exosomes Derived from Injured Tissue and MSCs ..................................... 243 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 243 References ..............................................................................................................245
