ABSTRACT
Tra´c congestion is one of the most important problems of urban life. Urban tra´c system composed of vehicles, pedestrians, tra´c lights, and tra´c network structure results in a complex problem to be solved (Salimifard and Ansari, 2013). As much as new roads are being built, because the (rate of expansion of) demand for new capacity on roads and other transportation systems exceed the (rate of expansion of) supply, congestion continues to cause an increasing loss of valuable time and resources in urban areas.
