ABSTRACT
Water scarcity is a fact of life in arid and semi-arid regions where agricultural, domestic, and industrial demands compete for limited water resources. Continuous population growth, rising standards of living, industrialization, urbanization, and climate changes have increased water demand signicantly [20]. In the twenty-rst century, recognition of water shortage and unpredictable impact of global warming on overall water scarcity
postulates that the rst and second decades should be referred to as “water crisis decades” [1]. Various countries in arid and semiarid regions are facing water shortage issues due to the low precipitation and high evaporation. is complicates the supply of water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Freshwater scarcity, especially in these regions, imposed humans to use poor quality water, such as saline or brackish water, for satisfying their demands [1]. erefore, to overcome the shortage in water, the use of unconventional water resources can play an important role in
22.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 261 22.2 Terminology .............................................................................................................................262
