ABSTRACT
Water supply, sanitation, and management variables to measures of “ecosystems services” and “ecosystems health” are in turn related to economic and human health benets [12,36]. e question for sustainable development is what is the strongest driving force of the water sector [25]? Climatic condition is one of the potential factors of global and regional water use, reuse, and management. Cold, tropical, and subtropical climate regions are equally facing the problems of sustainable uses, reuses, and management. e tropical and subtropical climatic regions are the most hostile regions where people are facing severe environmental problems to maintain surface and groundwater uses and management. e cold climate (CC) region, in general, is the land of water; on the other hand, tropical and subtropical regions are considered water scarce regions. e scarcity of surface freshwater has created serious environmental problems in the tropical and subtropical climate regions. e location of the landward boundary of the coastal zone is a function of three basic geophysical processes: tidal uctuations, salinity, and risk for cold storm surges. e coastal zone of CC, tropical climate, and subtropical climatic regions are aected by these processes and they cover an area almost 30% of the world (Figure 24.1). e coastal zones of dierent climatic zones are on both sides of the actual land-sea interface, where the inuences of land and water on each side are still determining factors climatically, physiographically, and ecologically [19]. e climatic regions’ water resources play an important role in socioeconomic development of all coastal regions in the CC regions as well as in Sweden and surroundings areas, the Bengal coastal region, and dry regions in Bangladesh [30]. e coastal region is composed of the land and the sea including estuaries and islands adjacent to the land-water
interfaces and the coast can multifariously divide into dierent distinctive features in terms of physiography, seasonality, and use patterns [46,47]. It is at the coast where the heavily sedimentladen river water with very little salinity meets the saline seawater. is mixing creates a unique ecosystem, which has given rise to the species of ora and fauna that exhibit their presence here. Among these, the most important is the northern Nordic region with its unique cold climatic landscape, vegetation, and wildlife; the sheries are dominated by economically important species [47]. Water availability in cold and warm climate regions, supply to the coastal regions and surrounding areas plays a potential role in balancing climatic ecosystems [48].
