ABSTRACT
Existing electrical energy systems were designed and built to accommodate large power-generating plants and to serve demand that traditionally has been viewed as uncontrollable and inflexible. The operation and management of the power system was centrally controlled. In the past decades, there has been a revival of interest in connecting distributed energy resources (DERs), such as distributed generation and energy storage, to the distribution network and in microgeneration and flexible loads at the premises of end users. Demand-side integrations (DSIs) can provide various services to the power system by modifying load consumption patterns. A fundamental feature of a microgrid is that it can operate either in grid-connected or islanded mode. The commercial virtual power plant (CVPP) optimizes the position of its portfolio with reference to wholesale markets and passes DER schedules and operating parameters on to the technical virtual power plant (TVPP).
