Non-Classical Properties of Classical Nanostructures

Abstract .......................................................................................................104 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................104 3.2 Nanostructures ...................................................................................106 3.3 The Quantum-Chemical Model .........................................................121 3.4 The Nanostate ....................................................................................131 Acknowledgment ........................................................................................140 Keywords ....................................................................................................140 References ...................................................................................................140

Structures of the major types of nanoparticle, including nanogold, graphene, fullerene, boron nitride, semiconductors, and their derivatives are described. The methods of quantum chemistry, widely used to rationalize the electronic structure, physical properties and molecular structure of nanomaterials are critically reviewed and found inadequate. The neglect of nonlinearity and the four-dimensional nature of nonclassical systems are highlighted.