ABSTRACT
Electromagnetic (EM) tissue characterization has been known to some extent for a few decades. Early attempts were focused on studying the sources of the differences in response of biological matter to external EM elds. The basic principles of EM characterization rely on the different electrical responses of tissue to an external oscillating eld. These responses depend on tissue type and pathological status and they are measurable. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in using tissue-assessment capabilities for various surgical and diagnostic medical applications, such as early detection of abnormalities and malignancies or, during surgery, dening tumor margins in real time to improve the accuracy of surgical excisions.
