ABSTRACT
Current strategies for analyzing pesticide residue in food-related and environmental samples depend upon recently achieved analytical/instrumental breakthroughs. Ultrasonic radiation is a powerful tool to accelerate the partition of organic compounds from solid matrices to an extraction solvent. Ultrasonic baths are the most commonly available laboratory instrumentation for sonochemistry operating at a fixed frequency of 40 kHz. Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), also called subcritical water extraction, is an emerging organic solvent-free technique that uses water as solvent for the extraction of organic pollutants from solid matrices under increased temperature and pressure. The first experimental applications of solid-phase extraction (SPE) date from approximately five decades ago. From then on, hundreds of scientific papers have described various developments and applications of SPE in environmental analysis. The isolation process comprises the selective retention of analytes in a solid adsorbent, which can in turn be eluted with an organic solvent.
