ABSTRACT
The design equations and procedures presented in the next three chapters are based on the knowledge and principles put forth by ACI 318-11 (2011) and ACI 440.2R-08 (2008). Strain compatibility as well as force and moment equilibrium must be enforced. Strain at the concrete substrate, at the time of strengthening, also needs to be considered. FRP is not allowed to carry compressive stresses, according to ACI 440.2R-08. Therefore, FRP used in tension is ignored during moment-reversal calculations. Environmental factors need to be incorporated into the design, as shown in Chapter 3. Limiting strains in shear and column confinement are based on effective strains that are obtained experimentally. Strengthening levels are limited by the capacity of the section to carry reasonable upgraded loads in case of FRP loss during fire. This applies to shear and column confinement as it applies to flexure.
