ABSTRACT
In the early 1980s, one of the rst calorimetric systems with multisample capacity emerged from academic work (Suurkuusk and Wadsö 1982) and was commercialized under the name ermal Activity Monitor (TAM), initially by LKB Instruments, later by ermometric AB, and currently by TA Instruments. Although it was initially intended to be applied for measurements of biological systems, it soon became a multipurpose instrument with a wide range of applications in various disciplines. e technique continued to develop with respect to sensitivity and multisample capacity, and in the rst years of the twenty-rst century the third-generation TAM was introduced with detection limits in the microwatt to nanowatt range and a measuring capacity of up to 48 samples (Suurkuusk et al. 2015). Alongside the development of the TAM system, various sample handling systems were developed that enable control of the sample environment in situ, for example, injection and mixing of liquids, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and changes in gas composition including vapor activity (Bakri 1993; Briggner 1993). A recent trend has been to combine calorimetric measurements with sensors such as ber-optic spectrophotometers, electrodes, or pressure sensors into hyphenated units to gain more specic information from the measured processes (Johansson and Wadsö 1999).
