ABSTRACT
In low-to middle-income countries (LMICs), regional trauma centers often do not yet exist, and with increasing industrialization and urbanization, maxillofacial trauma is increasing, resulting in a significant burden to emergency rooms. Limited access to care, inappropriate triage protocols, delay in definitive care, and limited resources, including surgeons, often are obstacles to optimal patient care. Fortunately, facial trauma alone is rarely a threat to life unless uncontrolled hemorrhage or airway compromise is present or anticipated. However, a systematic approach to maxillofacial trauma is essential to avoid occult injuries and provide comprehensive care to the injured patient. For a detailed review of advanced trauma life support (ATLS) principles and the initial evaluation of the trauma patient, please see Chapter 38.
