ABSTRACT
The concept of resilience is applied by many disciplines and fields. In the disaster field, resilience is framed in two main ways: as a desired outcome (e.g., recovery to previous conditions or adapting to new conditions defined by the losses and changes brought by the disaster) or as a process oriented to reach it (Manyena 2006). Yet the concept, which is applied to natural, social, technological, and economic systems, has diverse definitions. Furthermore, resilience research is criticized for its lack of culturally sensitive definitions and for often focusing on the individual level (Mohaupt 2009). This frames disaster recovery as something dependent on the capacity of the individual or the community, delegating to the responsibility to them. Boyden and Cooper (2007) argue that the problem could be de-politicized, because the conflicts, including protracted instability and violence (Lautze and Raven-Roberts 2006), and inequalities existing in the social structure are not considered.
