ABSTRACT
Abstract. Reproductive strategies describe how species allocate resources to produce offspring and include time and energy invested in nest site choice, egg production, incubation, nest defense, and chick rearing. Sea ducks exhibit considerable variation in all of these parameters but typically have high annual survival, high natal and breeding site delity, and variable annual reproductive success compared to other
groups of waterfowl. Collectively, these traits make sea ducks susceptible to anthropogenic threats including habitat change, and many populations are in decline.
