ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 9.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 248
9.1.1 Skin Cancer and Melanoma.................................................... 248 9.1.2 Dermatoscopy ......................................................................... 250 9.1.3 Computer-Aided Diagnosis Systems ....................................... 252
9.2 CAD Systems ..................................................................................... 255 9.2.1 Image Acquisition and Preprocessing ..................................... 256 9.2.2 Segmentation and Hair Removal ............................................ 256
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9.2.3 Image Features ....................................................................... 257 9.2.3.1 Color.......................................................................... 258
9.2.4 Feature Selection .................................................................... 259 9.2.5 Classification........................................................................... 261
9.3 Feature Extraction ............................................................................. 262 9.3.1 Asymmetry: Difference in Grayscale (f1, f2).......................... 262 9.3.2 Asymmetry: Grayscale Distribution (f3, f4) .......................... 263 9.3.3 Asymmetry of Grayscale Shape (f5, f6) ................................. 263 9.3.4 Border: ANOVA-Based Analysis (f7, f8, f9) .......................... 264 9.3.5 Color Distribution (f10, f11, f12) ............................................ 265 9.3.6 Color Counting and Blue-Gray Area (f19, f20) ...................... 265 9.3.7 Borders: Peripheral versus Central
(f13, f14, f15, f16, f17, f18) ..................................................... 267 9.3.8 Geometric (f21, f22, f23) ......................................................... 268 9.3.9 Texture of the Lesion (f24, . . . , f53) ........................................ 268 9.3.10 Area and Diameter (f54, f55) .................................................. 269 9.3.11 Color Variety (f56).................................................................. 269 9.3.12 Specific Color Detection (f57, f58, f59) ................................... 271
9.4 Early Experiment............................................................................... 272 9.4.1 Image Acquisition and Data ................................................... 272 9.4.2 Setup ...................................................................................... 273 9.4.3 Results .................................................................................... 275 9.4.4 Discussion ............................................................................... 276
9.5 CAD System for the GP .................................................................... 278 9.5.1 Image Acquisition, Data, and Segmentation .......................... 280 9.5.2 Feature Selection and Choice of Classifier .............................. 280 9.5.3 Results .................................................................................... 283 9.5.4 Discussion ............................................................................... 284
9.6 Conclusions ........................................................................................ 285 9.6.1 Clinical Trial........................................................................... 286
Acknowledgment ...................................................................................... 286 References .................................................................................................. 286
9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.1.1 SKIN CANCER AND MELANOMA There are three main classes of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma [1, 2]. While the first two cancer types by far outnumber melanomas in incidence rate, the latter is the leading cause of death from skin cancer [1-3]. In fair-skinned populations, melanoma is
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responsible for more than 90% of all skin cancer deaths [1, 2]. Melanoma may arise at any age and is one of the most common cancer types for persons less than 50 years of age [1, 2].
