ABSTRACT
Chemical-based industries have played a signicant role in human civilization, but extensive anthropogenic and industrial activities have introduced large quantities of chemicals in the environment, causing potential harm to ecosystems. These pollutants are becoming a major source of environmental contamination. As the international environmental standards are becoming more and more stringent, many research studies have been focused on the treatment of wastewater containing different contaminants. However, because of the complexity and variety of these pollutants, it has become rather difcult to nd a unique treatment procedure that entirely covers the effective elimination of all types of compounds. Physical methods such as occulation, reverse osmosis, and adsorption on activated charcoal are nondestructive and merely transfer the pollutant to other media, thus giving rise to secondary pollution.
