ABSTRACT
Metal-air batteries (metal = Li, Zn, Al, Mg, Fe, and Ca) have much higher specific energies than most currently available primary and rechargeable batteries [1,2], so they have been attracting many works in the electrochemistry research. Among these systems, the aluminum-air battery (AAB) is one important member with a practical specific energy density of 400 Wh kg−1 [1,2]. AAB is also one of the most developed members due to the low cost and abundance of aluminum metal. The AAB is typically used as a primary metal-air battery with an aluminum anode and an air-breathing cathode in contact with an aqueous electrolyte, typically sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or sodium chloride [3].
