ABSTRACT

ERD/ERS Modalities, Respectively .....................................................................554 24.6.4 Selection of EEG Features for P300 and ERD/ERS Modalities ....................... 555 24.6.5 Determining Muscle Activation from EMG Signals ........................................ 558

24.7 Performance Analysis ....................................................................................................... 559 24.7.1 Classication Accuracy of Individual Driving Situation during the

Training Phase ........................................................................................................ 559 24.7.2 Overall Classier Performance during Recall Phase .......................................560 24.7.3 Performance Analysis of the Data Point Reduction Step .................................560 24.7.4 Relative Performance of the Proposed Classier ..............................................563 24.7.5 Statistical Test .........................................................................................................564

24.8 Case Studies ........................................................................................................................565 24.9 Conclusions .........................................................................................................................568 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................568 24.AAppendix ............................................................................................................................ 569 Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................ 572 References ..................................................................................................................................... 572

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) (Haque and Aziz, 2013) refer to integration of computational models and system-theoretic methodologies to design, develop, and realize complex physical (engineering) systems with provisions for human interactions in a more intricate manner than those used in conventional systems. Hence, CPS forms a link between the physical world and digital world (virtual world), where physical devices, such as sensors and cameras, with cyber components including hardware as well as software components form a situation-integrated system that responds intelligently to dynamic changes in the real-world scenarios. The operations of these integrated physical-engineered systems involved here are monitored and controlled by a computing and communication core. These operations comprise various engineering methods and tools including system identication, ltering, time and frequency domain analysis, state space analysis, optimization techniques, and robust control. At the same time, development of new programming languages, innovative approaches for compiler designs, and embedded system architectures ensure computer system reliability, cyber security, and fault tolerance. CPS offers wide applications including smart medical technology, assisted living, environmental control, and trafc management. Unfortunately, there exists no unied architecture for CPS primarily due to variations among the applications. In this article, we discuss CPS conguration for detecting cognitive failures in driving during trafc management.