ABSTRACT
Soware, rmware, and hardware design and implementation processes have errors or corner cases that can be exploited by an adversary. In computer security we call these weaknesses vulnerabilities. Computer systems will never be free from vulnerabilities because they are designed, implemented, and tested by humans, who always make mistakes. A vulnerability is thus a threat to security. We call an attack a threat that is realized by an adversary, usually exploiting one or more of a system’s vulnerabilities.
