ABSTRACT
CNR Contrast-to-noise ratio CSI Chemical shift imaging CSPAMM Complementary SPAMM CT Computed tomography DANTE Delays alternating with nutations for tailored
excitation DE Delayed enhancement DENSE Displacement encoding with stimulated
echoes DWI Diffusion-weighted imaging ECG Electrocardiogram EDD End-diastolic diameter EF Ejection fraction EPI Echo planar imaging ESD End-systolic diameter FAB Antigen-binding fragment FDA Food and Drug Administration FLASH Fast low-angle shot FOV Field of view GFR Glomerular ltration rate GRAPPA Generalized autocalibrating partially paral-
lel acquisition GRE Gradient echo HARP Harmonic phase HASTE Half-Fourier acquisition single-shot TSE HCM Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ICD Implantable cardioverter debrillator IQ Image quality IR Inversion recovery IRA Infarct-related artery LGE Late gadolinium enhancement LV Left ventricle LVEF LV ejection fraction LVOT LV outow tract MI Myocardial infarction MIP Maximum intensity projection MRA Magnetic resonance angiography MRS Magnetic resonance spectroscopy NSF Nephrogenic systemic brosis PARACEST paramagnetic CEST PC Phase contrast PET Positron emission tomography PRESS Point-resolved spectroscopy ROI Region of interest RV Right ventricle SAR Specic absorption rate SCMR Society of Cardiovascular Magnetic
Resonance SE Spin echo SEM Standard error of the mean SENC Strain encoding SENSE Sensitivity encoding SNR Signal-to-noise ratio SPAMM Spatial modulation of magnetization SPECT Single photon emission computed tomography SR Saturation recovery SSFP Steady-state free precession
STEAM Stimulated echo acquisition mode STIR Short TI inversion recovery T2W T2-weighted TE Echo time TI Inversion time TR Repetition time TSE Turbo spin echo UI User interfaces USPIO Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides VENC Velocity encoding VRT Volume rendering technique
Since the rst chest x-ray images visualizing enlarged cardiac structures, cardiovascular imaging has played a vital role in patient diagnosis and management. Today, a variety of different techniques are available to clinicians to evaluate cardiovascular morphology and function. For example, with its relatively compact size, affordable cost, and portability, echocardiography has become a valuable rst-line tool in clinical cardiac care. Various x-ray-based techniques, like uoroscopy and computed tomography (CT), are used on a daily basis in the diagnosis and care of patients with cardiovascular disease. Over the last two decades, the versatility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has allowed it to become the gold standard for myocardial viability and functional imaging. CMR has the advantages of high tissue contrast and spatial resolution, capability of modifying the plane orientation without the need to move the patient or scanner hardware, three-dimensional (3D) imaging capability, lack of ionizing radiation, and the plethora of physical and control parameters that can be adjusted to image various measures of cardiac function. CMR applications are increasingly growing in parallel with improvements in the scanners’ hardware and software capabilities. CMR imaging not only provides anatomical information, but also provides functional, perfusion, viability, and metabolic information about the heart muscle as well as angiography, vessel wall characteristics, and ow hemodynamics in the vasculature.
