ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the design, installation and behaviour of foundations and retaining structures. It introduces the principles of design, global and partial factors of safety and design methods to highlight the properties of glacial soils that influence the design, construction and operation of foundations and retaining walls in glacial soils. Geotechnical design is based on codes, good practice and experience using a combination of empirical, theoretical and, increasingly, numerical methods. Geotechnical structures are likely to be modified or adapted during their life because of change of use or change in the environmental conditions or change of loading. Spread foundations include pads, strips, rafts and deep engineering foundations such as caissons, where the width is significant compared to the depth. Horizontal loads on wind turbine piled foundations are significant and are often the governing load because the axial capacity is often exceeded in order to provide the necessary lateral resistance.
